But production of silver fell already in the mid-17th century.
Tokugawa finally banned the export of silver in 1668.
"1ryō is silver coin 60 monme."
And Tokugawa changed the exchange rate in 1700.
60×3，75×0，8＝180g
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 180g
180 ÷ 15、492015 ＝ 11、6188888275
Gold 1 : Silver 11、6188888275
Price ratio became this.
Probably Tokugawa tried to adjust with the market rate on this occasion.
(Of course unchanged after this，Market was the rate fluctuations system.)
・・・・・・・・・
By the way,Little before this, In 1695 Tokugawa has recast the gold and silver coins.(改鋳/Kaichū )
Second half of the 17th century，Gold production was also fell as with silver.
By contrast，Japan economy was continuing to expand.
Amount of coins itself.
It became insufficient.
"Lower the content of the coins.
And increase the amount of coins in circulation in the market."
This recast was done in this intention.
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 180g
Therefore,Calculation based on this is wrong.
However,content ratio seems was not changed.
Gold and silver were lowered at the same rate.
Gold 1 : Silver 11、6188888275
Price ratio at that time would not be wrong in this.
・・・・・・・・・
According to it.
First gold coin called "Keichō-Koban".(慶長小判）
This seems to not know the total production by burned documents.
But amount of its recast.(引替/Hikikae)
This has been found.
Probably this recast was as "Keichō-Koban".
There is no change in the content of the gold.
Incidentally there is name of an era in Japan called "Gengō".(元号)
Date separator is different from the the Christian era.
"1606-1694(not accurate)
Amount of recast of keichō-koban is 10,527,043 ryō."
Gold 15,492015g
Gold 1g was ¥ 4,245.(as of Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
When calculated in this number.
10527043 × 15,492015 × 4245 ＝ 692296283718
Amount of gold coin recast of 1606-1694
Gold 163085108g (rounded)
￥692,296,283,718
Saturday 22 June 2013
Friday 21 June 2013
the new technology
Amount of silver production in Japan was not many originally by the problem of technology.
"1 ： 5～６."
Until the early 16th century,The price ratio at Japan of gold and silver seems to have been it .
But 16th century.
Japan was the Warring States period.
There were many wars in Japan.
Warring States lords ran the mine development for acquisition of war chest actively.
And 1530s，Technician of smelting of Korea has brought to Japan the new technology.
It called Haifuki-hō.(灰吹法)
Production amount of silver has increased dramatically by it.
"１ : 10～13."
As result、Price of silver have fallen to here at the early 17th century.
In short,during the 16th century，The price of silver was in half.
(It was 50 years of late the 16th century in practice.)
Japan became a producing district of silver the world's most eminent.
At that time，Output of silver seems to have been about 33％～25% of the world.
"Price of silver of Japan was cheaper than neighboring countries."
This may be natural.
・・・・・・・・・
The early 17th century.
Of course，It was the era of the Tokugawa regime already.
Silvers export volume was reached 200,000 kg at the maximum value.(per year)
"Gold 1 = Silver 9,6824073563"
By the way，Exchange rate of Tokugawa was it.
This is less than 10.
Increased production of silver was still going on.
"Gold 1 = Silver 13"
Actual exchange rate at that time was it.
This possibilities is also high.
Probably Tokugawa had set a high price of silver than the market.
But this exchange rate was principle so to speak.
Rate of the market was constantly changing.
And probably it was cheaper than the official rate.
Therefore overseas trade might have been traded by the market rate.
However，Japan at that time was taking the closed-door policy.
Overseas trade was limited to part of Nagasaki.
And Tokugawa had monopolized it.
Even the exchange rate of official，it might was cheaper than the other countries.
(Just maybe，There was a rate for overseas trade.
I do not know much about foreign trade at that time.）
・・・・・・・・・
For example.
200,000 kg is 200,000,000 g.
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 150g
Gold 1g was ¥ 4,245.(as of Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
4245×15、492015＝65763,603675
200000000 ÷ 150 = 1333333,33333
1333333,33333 × 65763,603675 = 87684804899,7
Trading of ￥87,684,804,900 at the official rate of Tokugawa.(rounding)
"1 ： 5～６."
Until the early 16th century,The price ratio at Japan of gold and silver seems to have been it .
But 16th century.
Japan was the Warring States period.
There were many wars in Japan.
Warring States lords ran the mine development for acquisition of war chest actively.
And 1530s，Technician of smelting of Korea has brought to Japan the new technology.
It called Haifuki-hō.(灰吹法)
Production amount of silver has increased dramatically by it.
"１ : 10～13."
As result、Price of silver have fallen to here at the early 17th century.
In short,during the 16th century，The price of silver was in half.
(It was 50 years of late the 16th century in practice.)
Japan became a producing district of silver the world's most eminent.
At that time，Output of silver seems to have been about 33％～25% of the world.
"Price of silver of Japan was cheaper than neighboring countries."
This may be natural.
・・・・・・・・・
The early 17th century.
Of course，It was the era of the Tokugawa regime already.
Silvers export volume was reached 200,000 kg at the maximum value.(per year)
"Gold 1 = Silver 9,6824073563"
By the way，Exchange rate of Tokugawa was it.
This is less than 10.
Increased production of silver was still going on.
"Gold 1 = Silver 13"
Actual exchange rate at that time was it.
This possibilities is also high.
Probably Tokugawa had set a high price of silver than the market.
But this exchange rate was principle so to speak.
Rate of the market was constantly changing.
And probably it was cheaper than the official rate.
Therefore overseas trade might have been traded by the market rate.
However，Japan at that time was taking the closed-door policy.
Overseas trade was limited to part of Nagasaki.
And Tokugawa had monopolized it.
Even the exchange rate of official，it might was cheaper than the other countries.
(Just maybe，There was a rate for overseas trade.
I do not know much about foreign trade at that time.）
・・・・・・・・・
For example.
200,000 kg is 200,000,000 g.
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 150g
Gold 1g was ¥ 4,245.(as of Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
4245×15、492015＝65763,603675
200000000 ÷ 150 = 1333333,33333
1333333,33333 × 65763,603675 = 87684804899,7
Trading of ￥87,684,804,900 at the official rate of Tokugawa.(rounding)
Thursday 20 June 2013
the price
There was a content of the coins of course.
1ryō(gold coin) = silver coin 50 monme = copper coin 3840 mon
1 ryō is 4,76 monme.
And the gold content is 86,79%.
4,76×3，75×0、8679＝15、492015
Silver content of silver coin was 80%.
50×3，75×0，8＝150g
Copper was probably copper.(brass, iron)
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 150g = Copper 14400g
According to the site of Tokyo commodity exchange.
(as of Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
http://www.tocom.or.jp/souba/gold/index.html
Gold 1g was ¥ 4,245.
Silver 1g was ¥ 66,2.
4245×15、492015＝65763,603675
66,2×150＝9930
Of course ¥65764 is not ¥9930.
・・・・・・・・・
"1 ryō is price of 1 koku(石)."
First,Tokugawa regime was defined so about 1 ryō.
1 koku was rice about 180 liter.
180 liter ≒ 180 kg.
Currently, rice 10 kg is about ¥ 4,000.
4000 × 18 ＝ 72000
1 ryō : 1 koku
Gold : Rice
¥65764 : ¥72000
(¥65764 is the current price of gold, which is included in 1 ryō.)
2010 and 1600.
Balance of the price of rice and gold.
It does not change so much.
Probably value of gold was much the same now.
And value of silver was very higher than now.
65764 ÷ 9930 ＝ 6,6227593152
At that time in 1600、Silver was the price of about 6,6 times than now.
・・・・・・・・・
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 150g (at early 17th century)
150 ÷ 15、492015 ＝ 9,6824073563
Gold 1 = Silver 9,6824073563 (at early 17th century)
Gold 1g ¥ 4,245. (Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
Silver 1g ¥ 66,2.(Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
4,245 ÷ 66,2 ＝ 64,1238670694
Gold 1 = Silver 64,1238670694 (Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
Early 17th century，The price of silver of Japan was clearly higher.
I understood so.
"At that time,Price of silver of Japan was cheaper than neighboring countries.
Therefore many silver flowed out to overseas as exports."
However,It was written so in the electronic dictionary.
Of course I had strange feeling to it.
I was examined this at ”money”.（貨幣/kahei）
Next，I was examined this at ”price comparison of gold and silver”.
（金銀比価/kingin－hika）
1ryō(gold coin) = silver coin 50 monme = copper coin 3840 mon
1 ryō is 4,76 monme.
And the gold content is 86,79%.
4,76×3，75×0、8679＝15、492015
Silver content of silver coin was 80%.
50×3，75×0，8＝150g
Copper was probably copper.(brass, iron)
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 150g = Copper 14400g
According to the site of Tokyo commodity exchange.
(as of Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
http://www.tocom.or.jp/souba/gold/index.html
Gold 1g was ¥ 4,245.
Silver 1g was ¥ 66,2.
4245×15、492015＝65763,603675
66,2×150＝9930
Of course ¥65764 is not ¥9930.
・・・・・・・・・
"1 ryō is price of 1 koku(石)."
First,Tokugawa regime was defined so about 1 ryō.
1 koku was rice about 180 liter.
180 liter ≒ 180 kg.
Currently, rice 10 kg is about ¥ 4,000.
4000 × 18 ＝ 72000
1 ryō : 1 koku
Gold : Rice
¥65764 : ¥72000
(¥65764 is the current price of gold, which is included in 1 ryō.)
2010 and 1600.
Balance of the price of rice and gold.
It does not change so much.
Probably value of gold was much the same now.
And value of silver was very higher than now.
65764 ÷ 9930 ＝ 6,6227593152
At that time in 1600、Silver was the price of about 6,6 times than now.
・・・・・・・・・
Gold 15、492015g = Silver 150g (at early 17th century)
150 ÷ 15、492015 ＝ 9,6824073563
Gold 1 = Silver 9,6824073563 (at early 17th century)
Gold 1g ¥ 4,245. (Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
Silver 1g ¥ 66,2.(Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
4,245 ÷ 66,2 ＝ 64,1238670694
Gold 1 = Silver 64,1238670694 (Jun 17, 2013 19:15)
Early 17th century，The price of silver of Japan was clearly higher.
I understood so.
"At that time,Price of silver of Japan was cheaper than neighboring countries.
Therefore many silver flowed out to overseas as exports."
However,It was written so in the electronic dictionary.
Of course I had strange feeling to it.
I was examined this at ”money”.（貨幣/kahei）
Next，I was examined this at ”price comparison of gold and silver”.
（金銀比価/kingin－hika）
Wednesday 19 June 2013
a little confusing
"1ryō(1 gold coin) = silver coin 50 monme = copper coin 4 kanmon(貫文)"
1609，Tokugawa was determined as this about the exchange rate.
Monme was unit of weight.
(1 monme was about 3,75g )
Copper coin 4 kanmon was about 15000g.
15000 ÷ 4 = 3750
Therefore 1 kanmon is 1000 monme.
Incidentally 1 ryō is 4,76 monme.(about 17,85g)
"gold coin 17,85g = silver coin 187,5g = copper coin 15000g"
In short Tokugawa was determined as this about the exchange rate.
・・・・・・・・・
By the way there was one problem.
Copper coin.
It was the smallest unit of the money from old time.
Its 1 piece called 1 mon(文).
"1000 mon is 1 kanmon."
It was defined like this.
In other words,1 mon was 1 monme.
And money that is used primarily was this.
But it was various copper coins of the previous era.
Its quality was not constant.
People had to accept it.
Various negative effects naturally occured by it.
It was a factor that inhibits against the development of the economy.
Tokugawa were required to improve this problem as soon as possible.
1636，They were casting a copper coin of uniform quality.
It called "Kan'ei tsūhō".(寛永通宝)
・・・・・・・・・
And although this is a little confusing.
"1 kanmon is 1000 mon."
This called Chō sen-hō.（丁銭法）
"1 kanmon is 970 mon or 960 mon."
How to count like this were also present.
This called Seihyaku-hō.（省陌法）
Tokugawa seems to have adopted this.
It seems to have been 1 kanmon at 960 mon.
(But weight of 1 mon was 1 monme.)
960 × 4 × 3，75 ＝ 14400
"gold coin 17,85g = silver coin 187,5g = copper coin 14400g"
In short Tokugawa was determined as this about the exchange rate.
・・・・・・・・・
Silver coin 1000 monme called 1 kan・me.(貫目)
Copper coin 1000 monme called 1 kan・mon.(貫文)
In short，In this case kan(貫) seems a thousand.（千）
And although this is a little confusing.
Brass, iron.
Material of copper coin was not the only copper.
The late 19th century，When the Meiji Restoration.
About 70% of the currency in circulation.
It was 1 mon of copper coin of iron.
1609，Tokugawa was determined as this about the exchange rate.
Monme was unit of weight.
(1 monme was about 3,75g )
Copper coin 4 kanmon was about 15000g.
15000 ÷ 4 = 3750
Therefore 1 kanmon is 1000 monme.
Incidentally 1 ryō is 4,76 monme.(about 17,85g)
"gold coin 17,85g = silver coin 187,5g = copper coin 15000g"
In short Tokugawa was determined as this about the exchange rate.
・・・・・・・・・
By the way there was one problem.
Copper coin.
It was the smallest unit of the money from old time.
Its 1 piece called 1 mon(文).
"1000 mon is 1 kanmon."
It was defined like this.
In other words,1 mon was 1 monme.
And money that is used primarily was this.
But it was various copper coins of the previous era.
Its quality was not constant.
People had to accept it.
Various negative effects naturally occured by it.
It was a factor that inhibits against the development of the economy.
Tokugawa were required to improve this problem as soon as possible.
1636，They were casting a copper coin of uniform quality.
It called "Kan'ei tsūhō".(寛永通宝)
・・・・・・・・・
And although this is a little confusing.
"1 kanmon is 1000 mon."
This called Chō sen-hō.（丁銭法）
"1 kanmon is 970 mon or 960 mon."
How to count like this were also present.
This called Seihyaku-hō.（省陌法）
Tokugawa seems to have adopted this.
It seems to have been 1 kanmon at 960 mon.
(But weight of 1 mon was 1 monme.)
960 × 4 × 3，75 ＝ 14400
"gold coin 17,85g = silver coin 187,5g = copper coin 14400g"
In short Tokugawa was determined as this about the exchange rate.
・・・・・・・・・
Silver coin 1000 monme called 1 kan・me.(貫目)
Copper coin 1000 monme called 1 kan・mon.(貫文)
In short，In this case kan(貫) seems a thousand.（千）
And although this is a little confusing.
Brass, iron.
Material of copper coin was not the only copper.
The late 19th century，When the Meiji Restoration.
About 70% of the currency in circulation.
It was 1 mon of copper coin of iron.
Friday 7 June 2013
coins
Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.
Hegemony of the Tokugawa was determined by the victory of this battle.
And Tokugawa got most gold and silver mines nationwide.
Following year，This monetary system was started.
Gold mine of Echigo Sado Island in particular.
Here was mined gold and silver in Japan's largest amount.
It became the basis of this monetary system.
But mined amount was carried out gradually decreased by a variety of circumstances.
(For example，Water accumulated in the mine shaft.)
And economic activity of nationwide became active in inverse proportion.
As result absolute amount of coins has been missing.
(Koban in particular.)
"Reduce the content of gold in Koban."
1695, Finally Tokugawa government made this decision.
・・・・・・・・・
By the way，Coins of the first of Tokugawa regime.
It was something like the following.
Bu(分) of one-quarter of ryō.
Its gold content was same with ryō.
Chōgin(丁銀)
This was silver coin.
But its weight was not constant.
(about 43 monme/about 161,25g）
And its silver content of 80%
Mameitagin（豆板銀）
This was also silver coin.
And its weight was not also constant.
(One-tenth of chōgin basically)
This two silver coins was currency by weight.
It was used in combination.
Of course there was copper coins as a currency unit of its less.
However，At first Tokugawa regime used copper coins of before them.
And therefore quality of its coins was not constant.
Its negative effects went spread gradually.
Gold coins, silver coins, copper coins.
Its exchange rate has been determined in 1609.
1636，Tokugawa was casting a copper coin of uniform quality.
It called "Kan'ei tsūhō".(寛永通宝)
Hegemony of the Tokugawa was determined by the victory of this battle.
And Tokugawa got most gold and silver mines nationwide.
Following year，This monetary system was started.
Gold mine of Echigo Sado Island in particular.
Here was mined gold and silver in Japan's largest amount.
It became the basis of this monetary system.
But mined amount was carried out gradually decreased by a variety of circumstances.
(For example，Water accumulated in the mine shaft.)
And economic activity of nationwide became active in inverse proportion.
As result absolute amount of coins has been missing.
(Koban in particular.)
"Reduce the content of gold in Koban."
1695, Finally Tokugawa government made this decision.
・・・・・・・・・
By the way，Coins of the first of Tokugawa regime.
It was something like the following.
Bu(分) of one-quarter of ryō.
Its gold content was same with ryō.
Chōgin(丁銀)
This was silver coin.
But its weight was not constant.
(about 43 monme/about 161,25g）
And its silver content of 80%
Mameitagin（豆板銀）
This was also silver coin.
And its weight was not also constant.
(One-tenth of chōgin basically)
This two silver coins was currency by weight.
It was used in combination.
Of course there was copper coins as a currency unit of its less.
However，At first Tokugawa regime used copper coins of before them.
And therefore quality of its coins was not constant.
Its negative effects went spread gradually.
Gold coins, silver coins, copper coins.
Its exchange rate has been determined in 1609.
1636，Tokugawa was casting a copper coin of uniform quality.
It called "Kan'ei tsūhō".(寛永通宝)
Thursday 6 June 2013
an oval gold coin
"1 ryō(両) is the price of rice of 1 koku(石).
It seems defined so on early in the Tokugawa regime."
A little while ago，I read such a sentence in blog.
・・・・・・・・・
When Kinjirō came here.
At that time，Annual tribute was 1005 bales and 127 ryō.
And Annual tribute of 100 years ago was 3100 bales and 200 ryō.
Of course Annual tribute was paid in rice.
And Annual tribute to the field crops was paid in money as an exception.
Most of the breakdown of 127 ryō and 200 ryō.
Probably it was Annual tribute from the field crops.
・・・・・・・・・
By the way，1 koku is 10 to(斗) about 180 liters.
180 liters ≒180 kg.
Current price of rice 5 kg at Japan.
It is about $ 20.
In short, Price of rice 180 kg is $ 720.
Although can not be a simple comparison，therefore 1 ryō is about $ 720.
It is possible to estimate that way.
However，I have calculated at 1 ryō $ 1,000 until now.
($ 1¥ 100)
"1 ryō was about ¥ 100,000."
Because I often read a description like this.
"Difference of its $ 280.
In short、Value of rice was higher than now.
Price of rice was reduced by technological innovation of modern."
I thought so.
・・・・・・・・・
Incidentally 1ryō was a gold coin.
It called "Koban".（小判）
This gold coin was present before the Tokugawa regime.
But its size was not constant.
It was used after the weighing by balance every time.
"The weight of Koban is 4,76 monme.(匁)
The content of gold in Koban is 86,79%."
Tokugawa regime was defined so.
1 monme is about 3,75g.
3,75×4,76＝17,85
17，85×0,8679＝15,492015
And I examine the price of gold bullion at Japan today.
(2013/06/05 16:47・Japan time)
The price of 1g is about ￥4552.
4552×15,492015＝70519,65228
In short,1 ryō is about $ 705.
When the analogy from the price of rice，1 ryō is about $ 720.
When the analogy from the price of gold bullion，1 ryō is about $ 705.
Balance of gold and rice of then and now
It was about the same.
It seems defined so on early in the Tokugawa regime."
A little while ago，I read such a sentence in blog.
・・・・・・・・・
When Kinjirō came here.
At that time，Annual tribute was 1005 bales and 127 ryō.
And Annual tribute of 100 years ago was 3100 bales and 200 ryō.
Of course Annual tribute was paid in rice.
And Annual tribute to the field crops was paid in money as an exception.
Most of the breakdown of 127 ryō and 200 ryō.
Probably it was Annual tribute from the field crops.
・・・・・・・・・
By the way，1 koku is 10 to(斗) about 180 liters.
180 liters ≒180 kg.
Current price of rice 5 kg at Japan.
It is about $ 20.
In short, Price of rice 180 kg is $ 720.
Although can not be a simple comparison，therefore 1 ryō is about $ 720.
It is possible to estimate that way.
However，I have calculated at 1 ryō $ 1,000 until now.
($ 1¥ 100)
"1 ryō was about ¥ 100,000."
Because I often read a description like this.
"Difference of its $ 280.
In short、Value of rice was higher than now.
Price of rice was reduced by technological innovation of modern."
I thought so.
・・・・・・・・・
Incidentally 1ryō was a gold coin.
It called "Koban".（小判）
This gold coin was present before the Tokugawa regime.
But its size was not constant.
It was used after the weighing by balance every time.
"The weight of Koban is 4,76 monme.(匁)
The content of gold in Koban is 86,79%."
Tokugawa regime was defined so.
1 monme is about 3,75g.
3,75×4,76＝17,85
17，85×0,8679＝15,492015
And I examine the price of gold bullion at Japan today.
(2013/06/05 16:47・Japan time)
The price of 1g is about ￥4552.
4552×15,492015＝70519,65228
In short,1 ryō is about $ 705.
When the analogy from the price of rice，1 ryō is about $ 720.
When the analogy from the price of gold bullion，1 ryō is about $ 705.
Balance of gold and rice of then and now
It was about the same.
Saturday 1 June 2013
estimated
"If we're going to get the harvest of 4000 koku at the territory of Utsu family.
Territory of 10,160 koku is necessary for us.
In other words, it's impossible."
Kinjiro concluded so.
"We continue a new development in the future.
We also do new development of irrigation facilities at the same time.
But 4000 koku is unreasonable.
Tax revenue amount which do not put a burden on residents.
2000 koku would be its limit.
(Annual tribute of 2000 bales.)
If the authorities will taxed more，it's just to destroy the lives of farmers.
It leads to a decline in population after all.
(Current annual tribute is 1005 bales.)"
・・・・・・・・・
When I look at the documents of 100 years ago，area of wasteland had been tampered with to two times already.
Probably I think there was also the sense of emergency evacuation of farmers.
But reform does not hold when we admit it.
To match the current state of the land and the documents.
And do the assignment of proper annual tribute to that land.
We have necessary to carry out a survey of strict land first.
I think it will benefit all farmers in the end，because perform farmland development concurrently.
・・・・・・・・・
Number of people needed for development of wasteland of 1 cho incidentally.
Case of fertile land，it is total 400 people.
Kinjiro did estimated so.
"And this land would be 300 people.
Development costs is somewhat low.
But this land is need wildlife measures.
And flood control measures is also a need.
Final costs are not low."
And Kinjiro wrote so.
Territory of 10,160 koku is necessary for us.
In other words, it's impossible."
Kinjiro concluded so.
"We continue a new development in the future.
We also do new development of irrigation facilities at the same time.
But 4000 koku is unreasonable.
Tax revenue amount which do not put a burden on residents.
2000 koku would be its limit.
(Annual tribute of 2000 bales.)
If the authorities will taxed more，it's just to destroy the lives of farmers.
It leads to a decline in population after all.
(Current annual tribute is 1005 bales.)"
・・・・・・・・・
When I look at the documents of 100 years ago，area of wasteland had been tampered with to two times already.
Probably I think there was also the sense of emergency evacuation of farmers.
But reform does not hold when we admit it.
To match the current state of the land and the documents.
And do the assignment of proper annual tribute to that land.
We have necessary to carry out a survey of strict land first.
I think it will benefit all farmers in the end，because perform farmland development concurrently.
・・・・・・・・・
Number of people needed for development of wasteland of 1 cho incidentally.
Case of fertile land，it is total 400 people.
Kinjiro did estimated so.
"And this land would be 300 people.
Development costs is somewhat low.
But this land is need wildlife measures.
And flood control measures is also a need.
Final costs are not low."
And Kinjiro wrote so.
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