the character

Japanese sovereign message of 607 AD.
This is shown in the section of Japan of the history of the Sui dynasty.

And the name of the king of Japan have been introduced in that document.

"His family name is Ame.
And his name that received upon reaching adulthood is Tarishihiko."

倭王姓阿毎
字多利思比孤
　
(倭王/the king of Japan)　(姓/family name)　(阿毎/Ame)
(字/a name received upon reaching adulthood) (多利思比孤/Tarishihiko)
　
It was written that way.
　
Note："阿毎多利思比孤・Ame-Tarishihiko"

If we want pronounce in a row like this.

"Ama-no-Tarishihiko"
The sound might change as this.


・・・・・・・・・　
　
　
By the way，字 ( a name received upon reaching adulthood).
I was examined in a dictionary about 字.

"In old China"
Although this proviso is attached.
"字 is a name received upon reaching adulthood."
It had been so described.
　
However，in this case, 字 is mere personal name.　
We think so simply.
It will be no problem.


・・・・・・・・・
　

For example，"芝山泰生"　
This is my name.
　
芝山 is my family name.
And 泰生 is my personal name.
　
This is the naming convention of modern Japan.

In the same way，"孔丘仲尼"
This is the name of Confucius.

孔丘 is his family name.
And 仲尼 is his personal name.

This is a mistake.

孔 is his family name.
丘 is his personal name.
　
And 仲尼 is 字.

In short，there was such naming convention in old China.


・・・・・・・・・


Well.
Today，most general meaning of ”字" is "the character".
Its pronunciation is "Ji".

☟
字・This part represents "the house".
字・This part represents "the child".
☝

"Parents raise their children carefully in the house."

Origin of 字.
It seems like that.
　
"Pregnancy."
"Birth."
　
And it seems there is such a meaning originally in 字.
　
I was a little surprised.
Because such meanings do not exist in this character now.(in Japan)
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Long，long time ago in China.
　
Simple and primitive characters.
It seems to have referred to as 文.
　
And new complex characters was born with a combination of it.
It seems to have referred to as 字.
　
Incidentally，Chinese character of a formal "the character" in modern Japan.
It is 文字.
　
Note：In modern Japan.
Meaning of ”the character” is strong in "字".
Meaning of "the sentence" is strong  in "文".
　

the sacrifice

"子" (shi)

Today，the general meaning of this character is "child".

"Honorific title for men."
But 子 seems to also have this meaning originally.
　
For example.
　
Confucius write in Chinese characters "孔子".(kō-shi)
His family name is 孔 surely.(kō)
But his real personal name is 丘.(kyū)
　
In the same way，Mencius write in Chinese characters "孟子".(mō-shi)
And his family name is 孟.(mō)
But his real personal name is 軻.(ka)

They were called by the honorific title "子" from their disciples.
(from people of future generations.)

"Saint, precious person."
Probably，子 had its meaning.

Note：All of these are modern Japanese pronunciation.


・・・・・・・・・

　
There is a Chinese character "師".
Pronunciation of this chinese characters is also "shi"..
And today，the general meaning of this character is "Master，Teacher".
　
"子曰" (shi-iwaku)
　
This is often the beginning of sentences of Analects.　
　
This meaning is "Confucius said".
(子/Confucius)(曰/said)
　
"師曰"
　
This phrase may be possible to convert like this.　
Although 師 was military word of the Zhou Dynasty originally.　
　
Troop of 2,500 people.
The Zhou Dynasty called it 師.

"Person who direct it."

It would flow of meaning like this maybe.
師 seems to became have a meaning of "leadership".


・・・・・・・・・
 　　

Dating back era further.
Time it was still hieroglyph.　

The left half of ☛師.
This seems to be the cross section of the sacrifice that was cut.　
　
The right half of 師☚.
This seems to be deformation of Chinese character "sheep".
(Today，chinese characters of sheep is 羊.)
　
"The sacrifice that was dedicated to God before the war."
　
The origin of this character.
It seems to have had something like that.　
　
And 子.
The origin of this character.
It seems to be hieroglyphics a small child.
　

wipe out

"The emperor of the country where the sun rises will send a messenger to the emperor of the country where the sun goes down."
　
This sovereign message.
　
"日出処天子致書日没処天子"
　
It was written this way.　
　
日出処天子/The emperor of the country where the sun rises　
日没処天子/the emperor of the country where the sun goes down
　
(日/the sun)(出/rises)(処/where)(天子/The emperor of the country)
(日/the sun)(没/goes down)(処/where)(天子/the emperor of the country)

It is such correspondence.
Yes，in this case，"the emperor" is "天子".
(Modern Japanese pronunciation of this word is "ten-shi".)　
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　

"天子"

Today，literal translation of this name is a "child of heaven".
This name seems to have been name used to refer to king of Zhou dynasty originally.

"天 ≠ God・Heaven"
This might have been that way at that time.

"The king is a man who were selected from existence beyond the human intellect."
　
But this feeling is probably already existed.
This is several hundred years earlier than era of Confucius.　
　
By the way，this name might have been used from more previously.
Because the Yin dynasty seems to have been theocracy.
　
Although、there is one problem here.
Characters of the Yin Dynasty end have been found in large quantities already.
These characters had been inscribed on animal bones.
But character of 天子 is not there.
　
Character of 天子 of the oldest existing.　
It is on inscription of the Zhou Dynasty early.
(Maybe，it is inscribed on bronze.)　


・・・・・・・・・


Although this is rely my memory only.
　　
Words related to 天.
Confucius is not actively using it in "the Analects". (論語)
　
Word of 天子.　
This may be nil.

At least，it does not remain in my impression.
(Incidentally，I read the Analects of Confucius in a hurry only once.)
 　
天　・　天子　・　天下/Under heaven≒World　・　堯舜/Yao and Shun

By contrast，those words are everywhere in "the Book of Mencius". (孟子)
And Yao and Shun has been described as 天子 in this book.
　
Note：To say the rough.
”The Analects” is a book that collected the words of Confucius and his disciples.
”The Book of Mencius” is a book that collected the words of Mencius and his disciples.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・　
　

I remembered episode about 天 in the Analects here.
　
There was the beloved disciple to Confucius.
His name is "Yan Hui".（顔回）
But he died earlier than Confucius.
　
"天 will wipe out me."　

At this time, Confucius lamented so.　

existence

"Existence beyond the human intellect."
　
Era of Confucius，this feeling was in character of 天 already.
But meaning of God seems did not bind clearly to character of 天.　
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Little aside from this.

The emperor of the country where the sun rises will send a messenger to the emperor of the country where sun goes down."
This Japanese sovereign letter to the Sui Dynasty.

"Two sun never ascended on the same day.
As well，two kings never exist on the same day."
It would be very rude from this thought.
　
Of course，this messenger visited the Sui on 607 AD.
It's episode of the 1000 destination.

And the emperor of the Sui seems did not mind so much at that time.
Following year，he is sent messengers of return to Japan.
　
Note: "The country where the sun rises.
The country where sun goes down.
So the sun is one.
And we visited the Sui first."　

Just maybe，there was a refuge of rhetoric at here.


・・・・・・・・・

　
It's "皇帝"，if we write "The Emperor" in Chinese characters.　(Kōtei)
　
This is a formal designation of the emperor.　
Around 220 BC，this word was created by Qin Shi Huangdi.
(The first emperor of China)
　
By the way，"Emperor of Japan" is "天皇".　(Ten'nō)
　
"Emperor who rule all things."　
This seems to be this sense originally.　
　
This word is also a word of Chinese originally of course.　
Just this time，it seems began to be used as the official name of the king of Japan.
　
Third emperor of The Tang dynasty following the Sui dynasty.
There seems to be that he was referred to as 天皇.
　
This is the only example in China.　


・・・・・・・・・　
　

Incidentally 10 years after，the Sui dynasty perish.
But messenger of return of the Sui dynasty.
He has a successful career in the Tang dynasty.　
　
Dynasty perish.
But its officials survive.　
(Although this is natural.)　

feeling

One of the words that Confucius talked about God.
It was mandate of heaven.

"I was able to understand my mandate from heaven at 50-year-old."
Later life，he said so.
(He seems died in the middle of 70s.)

"This is a remark about God by Confucius."

However，we conclude easily that way.
It seems need to be careful.


・・・・・・・・・
　

If I write this phrase in Chinese characters，it is "天命".

Modern Japanese pronunciation of this phrase is "Ten-Mei".
And literal translation of this phrase is "instruction from heaven". (命 from 天)
　
By the way，one chinese character have more than one meaning usually.

天 is no exception.
(命 is also no exception of course.)
　
Today，most general meaning of ”天” is ”Heaven”.
　
Incidentally the official designation of ”Heaven” is "天国”. (Ten-Goku)　
And literal translation of this term is "Kingdom of God". (国 of 天)　
　
Yes，meaning of ”天” in this case is ”God”.
(There is also a meaning of heaven of course.)

However，the era of Confucius，there was no such meaning in 天.
That possibility seems to exist.

　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Although this may be to a little extended interpretation.
And although this may not be an exact match.

Besides this，"天” have a feeling of "The Sky".
And "天” also have a feeling of "The Universe".
"天" also holds feeling of "Nothing" further.
(Of course，chinese characters corresponding to them are present.)

And "天”命 that Confucius talked.
　
These feeling.
It seems to strong　
　
In short，meaning of God was retrofitted.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Note:Confucius （551bc-479bc）
Buddha (565bc-486bc?/465bc-386bc? etc..)

They're contemporaries nearly.
　
And introduction of the concept of zero in India.
It seems to be later times a little more.
　
Zero was found in India.
　

on the same day

"Confucius said.
Two sun never ascended on the same day.
As well，two kings never exist on the same day."

About 100 years later from the death of Confucius.
Words like this seems to came to be told by the people of Confucian scholar as the words of Confucius.
　
"A person become the ruler of the world who receives the mandate of heaven.　
Only he receives an obligation to govern this from heaven."

This was associated with this thought of course.
　
"The man who get to the throne is like this."　

And in order to clarify this thought，the achievements (legend) of Yao and Shun seems to have formed clearly at that time.

Note:Yao and Shun are persons who did not hereditary the throne of course.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Confucius did not talk very little about the divine realm.
Confucian scholar after Confucius had follow it to basically.

But they talked about Yao and Shun in order to clarify the teachings of Confucius (they think).
Yao and Shun are gods.
So this was one step into the divine realm.
This may have been acted contrary to the teachings of Confucius.

However， they probably took that action to dare.

Legend of Yao and Shun.
As previously mentioned，it seems to have formed clearly in this period.
(The era of survival of the fittest.)

But iffy lore of Yao and Shun
It may have existed from previous.

Those in power.
And they might had justify their actions by it.

"The mandate of heaven to the ruler.
It is not like that，never.
We do not leave it to their arbitrariness."

Therefore、some confucian scholar might be tried to clarify its definition.
　
They sift through the folklore of many.
And they were allowed to fruition in a single personality.

Confucian scholar of the most spearhead of such an idea.
It seems to had been Mencius.
 　
"Nuisances."　

As a corollary，his school seems to have been little anti-establishment.

survival of the fittest

"I do not know death.
Therefore I do not know life.
Therefore I do not speak it."　

This was attitude of Confucius about "field of God".

"Humanity to others."

If I oversimplified teachings of Confucius.
It becomes like this.
Confucius kept thinking about it in this age of war.

"Humanity to others.
This is only way to improve the world.　
There is a good role model of the Duke of Zhou to us.　
You should do the politics in this thought."　

Confucius preached so to kings.
(To those in real power.)

"Anachronism."

However，they did reflect teachings of Confucius in their politics.
Never was it.

After all，Confucius had to leave from the political arena.
After this，Confucius made a journey from place to place with his disciples.
And he died leaving "Words"　
　

・・・・・・・・・　


After the death of Confucius，troubled times had been chaotic increasingly.
　
Superpower of this time, "Jin".（晋）　
Of course，Jin also was vassal of Zhou Dynasty originally.
And this Jin was country that is able to compete against Chu and Qin.
　
But infighting occurred in this country.
A vassal had monopoly politics of Jin.
Jin was about to be taken over to him.
　
"We do not tolerate his disloyalty."
　
But he had been punitive expedition by three vassals of Jin with this nominal.
And after this，they became those in power of course.
Finally，this Jin was taken over by them.

"Han", "Wei", "Zhao".　(韓、魏、趙)
Jin dismantling.
This three countries were born.
　
And of course，time progresses，those in power was born in these countries.

"Ideal of the Duke of Zhou."
It did not exist anywhere.

desire

After the death of "Confucius", the two big doctrine occurred from his teachings. (孔子551BC-479BC)

One of them.　
It's a theory of goodness of Human Nature of "Mencius". (孟子372BC-289BC)
　
"Nature that all humans have by nature.
It's goodness.

However，in relationship of the real world that no one can be avoided.
Too often, people forget that nature.
And they are steeped in evil.
This troubled times is deteriorating steadily by it.

So we must remind the nature to them with the correct teaching.
Teaching that can remind the nature to them.
That is the teaching of Confucius."

Death of Mencius.
It's 70 years before from the unification of China by Qin.
Qin had become powerful already.


・・・・・・・・・
　

Politics of time of establishment of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius was thinking it as own ideal.
(Of course，it's politics that has been idealized rather than politics in real history.)

But actually，period when Confucius was alive.
The Zhou Dynasty had lost its real power already.
Vassals usurpation the Zhou Dynasty territory.
And they have continued to war for their own desires.


・・・・・・・・・
　

Confucius was born in the country of Lu.

Founder of this country.
It was ”the Duke of Zhou” Confucius respect. (周公)
(It is about 500 years ago that Confucius was born.)
　
He was the brother of the Zhou dynasty founder.
But immediately after Dynasty founded，this king is dead.
Young son was left.
　
Duke of Zhou seized real power of the Zhou Dynasty.
And he established the kingship of the Zhou Dynasty.
　
However，he was selfless and fair.　
He did not privatize the power never.
And after young king has grown，he returned real power of the Zhou Dynasty to king.
He returned to one vassal.

It is said that so.
　
Note:During this period,Duke of Zhou was on the throne of the Zhou Dynasty.
This possibility also appears to exist.　
　
Period when Confucius was alive.
Country of Lu was also ”independent” of course.
They fought other countries  for their own desire.
　
And domestic of Lu.
Vassals with a power were present.
They had monopoly politics of Lu for their own desire.

Politics of Lu.
It was just a reflection of their intentions.
　

barren land

Land development for people of Chūka at that time.
It would have been "good deeds".

"A person become the ruler who receives the mandate of heaven.　
Only he receives an obligation to govern this world from heaven."　

Previous of the Xia dynasty,rulers of mythology era of China.
（禹 of the Xia dynasty founder also including.)
They were the embodiment exactly of this thought.

They ruled the world who received the mandate of heaven.
And they have passed the dominion to the person who received the mandate of heaven then.

Of course this is episode of mythology era.
In short，they are gods.

Well，one of the qualifications they received the mandate of heaven.　
It was the ability of flood control.
　
In the trial period(?)，he changed wasteland to fertile land by his ability.
The results，Yield of grain increased by it.
Of course，population also increased.
People began to live a peaceful life.

And he were able to receive the mandate of heaven.
　
To the contrary，person (god) who failed to flood control.
He was chased from the position of god.


・・・・・・・・・

　
North of Chūka at that time.　
Vast grassland had spread there.
Nomads people lived there with livestock.

Grass is a livestock feed.
They gave it little by little to livestock while moving.

With the development of land，people of Chūka have been advanced their living area to there.
Grassland was a land of vast unattended for them.
They're people of farming.　
Of course they plowed grassland.

But soil of grassland was very thin.
Plowed soil.
It was blown away in the wind of the grassland.

Then bedrock was exposure.
As a corollary， its grassland became a desert.
　
"to play the desert to the grassland."
It was impossible by the action of nature.
And it was also impossible with the technology of the time.

"They are barbarians.
Grassland gives living creatures a great boon.
Our life are satisfied by it.
This is the boon of heaven.

But they plow its grassland.
And they change it to barren land."
　
Such stele of nomad people.
It still remains.

ebisu

Terminal phase of the Warring States,kingdoms which became a superpower in the end.
It was Chu and Qin.

Time of destruction of Zhou lost real power.
It's not known exactly today.

The reason that these two kingdoms became mighty.
Because they were 夷．
That is not it at all.

Because the two kingdoms was located in the outer edge of Chūka. (South and west.)
They had a vast land that can be developed.

Although this is a simple，the reason for this seems to be large.
Of course advanced technology of Chūka would have helped in its development.
And in addition to that，Qin seems to had a trade with the west.

Qin is the etymology of ”China” of english.　
　
"Qin" of Chinese characters is "秦".
Modern Japanese pronunciation of "秦" is "Shin".
And "China" is "Sinis" in Latin.
　
Note:The concept of this "Chūka" is "living zone of people that share the same civilization consciousness".
In this sense here.
　
Chinese characters of "Chūka" is 中華.
And this is the pronunciation of modern Japanese.


・・・・・・・・・
　

East of Chūka was(is) the sea.

And north of Chūka at that time.
There was(is) a grassland.
Nomadic people lived there.

Mid-term of the Warring States period.
Zhao kingdom of North of Chūka.

They were suffering from war with nomadic people.
Nomadic people looted livestock，grain and people of Chūka.
They had the overwhelming strength in the war.

Its big reason.
It was a tactic of their cavalry.
And the land was also suitable for cavalry operations.

"They're barbaric.
But they are strong in war than us.
There is a need to incorporate their cavalry tactics we also."

Zhao king at that time persuaded his vassals so.
And he was employed pants to the combat uniform as the first of the military system reform.


・・・・・・・・・


By the way，they were not wearing pants until then.
Clothes of Chūka people were like kimono of Japanese.
Their combat uniform was also same. 　
(Origin of kimono is their clothes of course.)

And pants was the clothes of nomadic people.
(Otherwise they can not ride the horse.)

Adoption to military uniform of this pants.
Although it was finally accepted.
Initially, it seems there was a large opposition.

"It's clothes of 戎."
They were probably thought so.

One of modern Japanese pronunciation of "戎" is "ebisu".
And one of modern Japanese pronunciation of "夷" is also "ebisu".

In short，it's that sense.


・・・・・・・・・
　　

"Ebisu of east of Chūka is 夷."
"Ebisu of west of Chūka is 戎."
It seems there was such distinction to be exact.　
　
And military uniform of Zhao kingdom at this time.
After this，it followed basically as a military uniform of China.
　
Its military uniform was called ”戎衣”.
Modern Japanese pronunciation of "戎衣" is ”Jū-i".
　
It means that ”the clothes of Ebisu".

self-proclaimed

"A person become the emperor who receives the mandate of heaven.　
Only he receives an obligation to govern this world from heaven."　

Before the Qin dynasty established，there wasn’t word ”the emperor” of course.
But this way of thinking.
It seems to have been in existence since long time ago.

The time of the Zhou dynasty founding，king was only one of the Zhou king of course.

But Time progresses, the power of the Zhou king became weaker and weaker.
Power of the lords was increased in inverse proportion with it.

In the end, lords began to holding one's ground in the power of their own.
The rule of the Zhou king became a thing in name only.

But king was the only Zhou king even at that time.
Lords had still respect the authority of the Zhou king.


・・・・・・・・・


Range of China(Chūka) has expanded already.
Peoples to participate in China other than the vassals of the Zhou Dynasty.
They came out.

It was the Chu and Qin.

Chu is the people of the Yangtze River basin of the south of the Yellow River.
(middle area)

And Qin located basin of Wei River of tributary of upstream of the Yellow River.

"They are 夷."
Initially, they seem to have been neglected like that from other lords for this reason.
　
"Yes，we are 夷.
So we are not required to follow the China customs.
I'm king."
They were self-proclaimed like that.
　
"A person become the king who receives the mandate of heaven.　
Only he receives an obligation to govern this world from heaven."　
　
At this point，this concept might have been enhanced.

"Survival of the fittest."

But after this most lords were self-proclaimed "King".　
China become the Warring States period in earnest from here.
Thereafter,meaning of the king of China may have altered.　
　
Confucius lived the era of that turning point.

concept

The concept of "Emperor" in Chūka shisō.
Maybe，it is little different with the concept of "Emperor" of the West.
　
A person who created the concept of emperor.
It's "Zheng" of king of the Qin.
(and he become the first emperor of China.)
 　
A long time, China was the Warring States period.
There were kings on various place of China at that time.
Zheng was also one of those people.
(and the Qin was also one of those kingdoms.)

He destroyed them.
221 BC，he unified China for the first time in history of China.

He founded the Qin dynasty.


・・・・・・・・・　
　　
　
Chinese character of king is 王.
Japanese pronunciation of the current of this word is "ō" or "ou".
(and maybe，王 is also little different with the concept of "King" of the West.)　

"Kings.
They were the ruler of the local government of China to the end.

However，I’m only ruler of China.
I’m not equal rank with them.

Therefore，I use the name of king as it is.
It's impossible.
It is necessary to make appropriate new word for me."　

Zheng ordered so.

And the word ”皇帝” was made.
Japanese pronunciation of the current of this word is "kōtei" or "koutei".
　
Of course，translations of this word is "the emperor".


・・・・・・・・・


Although its existence has not been confirmed yet.
Xia dynasty was established as the first dynasty of China.

Then，about 3700 years ago，the Yin dynasty destroyed the Xia dynasty.
(Existence of this dynasty has confirmed.)　
　
And about 3100 years ago，the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Yin dynasty.
After from this time，history become history clearly.
(Percentage of legend is reduced.)


・・・・・・・・・


The time of the Zhou dynasty founding，Zhou gave the fief to retainers.
They had a territory as to surround the territories of Zhou itself.

Of course，this would have had meaning of home country defense from different ethnic groups.
At the same time，they have also advanced the development of undeveloped region.

By the way，"China" of until the time of the Zhou dynasty founding.
It seems to have been middle area of the Yellow River yet. 　
Admit those as unified dynasty of China.
There was a little unreasonable it.

But expansion of Range of China begun by it.　

Note:This "China"  think as "Chūka".
It might be better.

letter

Mid-6th century,Buddhism has been handed down to Japan from Baekje kingdom of the Korean Peninsula.

Powerful families that believe in Buddhism.
Powerful families that believe in God of ancient Japanese.

After this，conflict arises between the two.
It escalated into a war and Buddhist faction won.
Buddhism to establish the status of national religion by it.

By the way，it seems there is another side to this battle.

Powerful families of emerging. (came to Japan new)
Powerful families of old.

Power struggle between the two.
This seems there was also its meaning.

Situation in Japan of the early 7th century in after the Buddhist faction won.
It has been recorded briefly to "隋書倭国伝". (zui-syo wakoku-den)


・・・・・・・・・
　

Free translation of "隋書倭国伝" is "Items related to Japanese in History of the Sui dynasty" of China.
This "history of the Sui dynasty" was created in the mid-7th century under the Tang dynasty.
　
It's shortly before of the Battle of Hakusukinoe of 660 AD.
　
Destruction of Baekje kingdom was determine by this battle.
And hegemony of Silla kingdom in the Korean Peninsula was became the decisive.
　
After this battle，Many Baekje people came to Japan.
It would have been units of ten thousand.

Maybe，there was a foundation to accept them in Japan already.

　
・・・・・・・・・
　

"The emperor of the country where the sun rises will send a messenger to the emperor of the country where sun goes down."

According to this recording，Japan sent a messenger to the Sui Dynasty at that time.
And this sentence was the beginning of personal letter of Japan.
　
By the way，this letter was very rude from the point of view of Chūka shisō.

"A person become the emperor who receives the mandate of heaven.　
Only he receives an obligation to govern this world from heaven.　
In short，the emperor only is precious in the world.
　
Therefore，there shall be no discrimination in this world.
People of all is equal under this emperor."
　
Because this was the point of view from Chūka shisō.
　

duty

"Labor is the duty to God.
And people profit from own labor.
It's the will of God.

Reject this.
It's act contrary to the will of God.
People must be received this profit absolutely.

However，there is a condition.
Do not use it for narrow interests.
This profit must be only used for the duty to God.

Represent to the world the glory of God.
Because this profit is a thing that has been commissioned by God for it.
In short，commercial activity is the act of representing the glory of God.

Therefore，people have a duty to manage and operate properly this profit.
people has to serve God as mechanical for profit activities."

According to the text of Max Weber.
There was such thought in Protestant.

"This irrational thinking."

Rational pursuit of legitimate profit by investments of the capital.
In other words，modern capitalism.

"There is a possibility that this thought has an important meaning to the development of it.
They could not be used own profits for own pleasure.
So they continued to used it for business expansion."

And they were not the adventurism with respect to commercial activities.
And they were not the exclusive with respect to commercial activities.

They only worked very well.
And they kept the simple life.
"Honest" was accompanied to there always.
Because God does not forgive injustice never.


・・・・・・・・・


"For example，your State is in the monarchy.
Even so，the State itself is the rights subject only.
King is just one of the organ of governance of the state.
In short，the State itself has sovereignty as a legal entity."
　
So-called "Nation corporation theory".

Incidentally，I know this word quite recently by looking at the electronic dictionary.
It was linked to items of Minobe.

Jellinek is German.
And he is a person of early 20th century from the mid-19th century.

Max Weber is also a German.
He is about 10 years younger than Jellinek.

Now, I examined "Nation corporation theory" in the electronic dictionary.
Jellinek seems not an advocate of this theory.
Establishment of this theory seems to be the mid 19th century.

Jellinek is like a person who has further developed this theory on era of "modernization"  progresses.

Well，the aside it.

"Thought's base of the two is the same."
I feel so.

And the theory of the (Japanese) Emperor as an organ of government of Minobe.
　
"This may be a kind of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism."
I also feel so.

six years ago

I go back to Nomonhan of 1939.
It was three years after of the terrorist attacks against Minobe.

Kantōgun has expanded the conflict with ignoring the wishes of General Staff Headquarters.
And they had big defeat.
　
General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo was the center of the military.
First、become the staff officer of Kantōgun of Manchukuo.
Next，be transferred to  the General Staff Headquarters of Tokyo.　

This seems to have been fast track of army officials at that time.


・・・・・・・・・　
　

Strangely enough happened.

Kantōgun took action at own discretion and big failed.
liability issues will occur there..
It would be of course.
　
"Who is responsible for this？
We do not know it.”
　
However，its responsibilities became unclear inexplicably.
And above all，this battle itself was not made ​​known clearly to the people of Japan.

"We must erase the fact of this defeat
(as for domestic)
If we got rid of someone.
It will become admit the fact of defeat.
Therefore，we can not do it."　
Had this intention blatantly.

Of course, this may be reverse.

"We do not want to dispose ourself.　
There was no such facts in the first place."　

Thought such as the following，it also might have been present in them.

"We do not want to damage the authority of the Japanese military by the conflict of a small area like this.
Because it will damaging the authority of the emperor of generalissimo.
We must absolutely avoid it.”

Of course，as excuse for their self-protection.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
However，this was intended for high-ranking officers only.
Soldiers including field commander (like a platoon leader) were different.
(Japanese army did not collapse by virtue of their mortal combat.)

Japan had advanced the invasion of China already.
Soldiers who survived the battlefield.
After this，many of them seems that were sent to hard-fought field.

And field commanders.
　
"You should die to take responsibility."

When he go back to his room (or his tent)，handgun for self-determination had been put on a desk.
Of course，the room was unmanned already.　
　
Such facts were many.
　
And of course,the person who put handgun to their room did not take responsibility anything.
(The person who commanded it.)

This is six years ago of collapse of Empire of Japan.　　

organ

At that time，there was a professor of law of Tokyo Imperial University named "Minobe Tatsukichi".

Around 1900, he studied in Germany.
And he studied under Jellinek of public law scholar.

"For example，your State is in the monarchy.
Even so，the State itself is the rights subject only.
King is just one of the organ of governance of the state.
In short，the State itself has sovereignty as a legal entity."

So-called "Nation corporation theory".
Jellinek was a advocate of this theory.


・・・・・・・・・


After returning home，Minobe was applied this theory to the situation in Japan.
　
"The emperor is just one of the organ of governance of the state."

He was defined so clearly.
This theory is called "the theory of the Emperor as an organ of government".
　
1923，he published a manual of the Constitution, including this theory.　
And his theory was widely accepted to Japanese as established theory.
　
But the aspect varies gradually.　

Great Depression that began in 1929.
This had a serious impact on Japan as with countries around the world.

Power of the military had been the rise gradually as a background social unrest.


・・・・・・・・・　
　　

"Only emperor is owned supreme command of the military.　
Any person isn't possible interfere to this.　
Because it is stated so in the Constitution."
　
In order to obtain a free hand，military began to claim so.
The biggest obstacle against it was the interpretation of the Constitution of Minobe.
　
"This theory is blasphemous against the emperor.
We should be banned his books."
　
1935，persecution by the military against Minobe began in earnest.
　
"Question for a theory should be made a place by academic place."
Japanese prime minister at the time was answer so in the Diet.
　
Minobe was a member of the House of Lords at that time.
　
Opposition political party was in collusion with the military for takeover of administration.
They politicized this issue.
　
Following year，Minobe was hit by terrorism.
His life was saved.
But he resigned the House of Lords.
　
After this，his persecution continued until 1945.　
　

rights of people

"If the loss of more than 30% came out by the battle.
Front commander has the authority to retreat by own sole discretion."
　
According to the episode I heard，apparently there is a "common sense" such in most European countries.
　
This is very different from the common sense of the Japanese military at the time.

"Mortality rate of high-ranking officer in the Pacific War.
The U.S. military overwhelmingly high compared to the Japanese military."　

Previously, I also read an episode like this.
　

・・・・・・・・・　
　
　
"Ethics of Protestantism and the spirit of capitalism" of Max Weber.
　
I'm reading it now.
(at Japanese translation of course.)
　
And had been written about the origin of basic human rights in this text.
　
"The origin of basic human rights.
It's a law of the God.

People have an obligation to obey the law of God.
Interfere to it.
Any person not allowed it.
(include the secular power of course.)
　
Obey the law of God unimpeded to anyone.
As long as it is not tinged with anti-social nature.
This is the fundamental rights of people　
　
Such a view is present in the Protestant."

"Nation can not salvation of soul of people.
It can only God."

Note: This is my summary of text that has been translated into Japanese from German.
Not be accurate.


・・・・・・・・・　
　　

Will be made using this idea.

"Person requests a sacrifice too much against the same person.
This is a prohibited behavior.
(It's behavior only God is allowed.)"　

Idea like this.

"If the loss of more than 30% came out by the battle.
Front commander has the authority to retreat by own sole discretion."

Origin of this ”common sense”.
There may be this idea out there.
　
"Armor of this tank is ＊ inches.
This armor thickness is possible to repel enemy fire.
Therefore life of you are safe."

"The inside of the tank of the U.S. Army during World War II.
It was written so there."
　
Previously, I also read an episode like this.

Zero fighter of the Japanese fighter.
Early 1940s，this was one of the most powerful fighter.
But this fighter had raised performance at the expense of the safety of the pilot.　　
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　

Emperor of the Empire of Japan.
He was God for the Japanese people.
(He was not a Protestant God of course.)

assault

Casualty rate of more than 70%.
However，Japanese army escaped collapse by this sacrifice.
I think there was a significance on this sacrifice.

But after this，the Pacific War.
Its terminal stage.　
Tactical situation was unfavorable overwhelmingly to the Japanese military.

At that time，annihilation of the Japanese army garrison of the Pacific Ocean was occured after another.

Japanese soldiers who survived to the fierce battle of the islands in the Pacific Ocean.
(While giving extensive damage to the local people.)

There was no replenishment to them.
They isolated at the islands.

To put it extremely，Finally they dared assault to the position of the U.S. military in unarmed.
They were annihilated of course.　
Than say,this assault was assault for their annihilated.
　　
Annihilated became the purpose rather than the sacrifice of as tactics.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・


Sentence which became the ideological cornerstone of this assault.
There is sentence that is said so.

"Soldiers become captive alive.
Japanese soldiers must not choose such a humiliation."

This was a passage of text that called "Senjin-kun". (戦陣訓)
Literal translation of this term is "the admonition in the battlefield".
　
"Norms that should be taken by the Japanese Imperial Army soldiers."
January 1941，text for it was announced by the Japanese Army Minister Tojo Hideki.
　
It was Senjin-kun.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
China invasion of Japan had continued since 1931.
Atrocities of the Japanese army.
It was worse to situation which the Japanese army itself is impossible to overlook.
　
"Soldiers become captive alive.
Japanese soldiers must not choose such a humiliation."
　
And such sentence is present in this text.
　
This sentence is the most famous passage in this text.
If I read only this，I feel a little strange.
　
"Do not be the vile behavior as a warrior."
But this sentences is part of this context.　
　
In other words，"Do not be atrocities as a warrior".
"It is not the behavior of the warrior."
This sentence is one part only of this context.

　
・・・・・・・・・　
　

By the way，this "admonition in the battlefield".

"This was just a slogan.　
Nobody was read it and nobody was emphasis it.”
(To put it extremely.)
This is also said to be so.

"Soldiers become captive alive.
Japanese soldiers must not choose such a humiliation."
　
Therefore，this sentence also have not been important.
Also this is said to be so.

However，Japanese people of frontline of the Pacific Ocean.

"Soldiers become captive alive.
Japanese (soldiers) must not choose such a humiliation."
　
This thought had a meaning very serious for them.
(not this sentence..)

U.S. military at that time which were facing the Japanese (military).
They will know well.

i have heard

And the collision of two armies in Nomonhan occurred.
This battle became a cease-fire by the generation of World War II.

But in fact, it was a big defeat of the Japanese army.

More than 70 percent casualty rate.
Why the Japanese army did not collapse with this until the cease-fire?

Reason is simple.
Because soldier of frontline continued to fight without regard to the sacrifice of their own.
(Therefore, would be the height of this casualty rate.)

Although this write relying on my memory.

"I have heard soldiers of Japan is strong.
I believe they will better the situation somehow."

Commander of the Japanese army of this battle.

When subjected to heavy losses by the counterattack of the Soviet army.
When he were confronted to the difference between the obvious combat power.
It is said that he said so.
　

・・・・・・・・・


From the beginning，the Soviet Union had not intention to expand the front.
Because Europe was in critical situation.
Of course，this was more important matters to the Soviet Union at that time.　

However，diversion of the Soviet Far East Army to Moscow defense.
(as the main force of the counterattack strategy.)
After this, it is executed.　
Just maybe,this fight had  a significant meaning for the Soviet Union.

And from the beginning, General Staff Headquarters of Japan had oppose to expand the front.
(And, there was no power to stop it.)

And General Staff Headquarters of Japan.
Of course，They were not a pacifist so-called.

"Independence of the supreme command from the three branches."
This concept was raised by them in the first place.

Range to their consider were large than Kantō-Gun.
It's no more and no less.

label

恐露病（Kyōro-byō).
There was such word in the Japanese army at that time.
Literal translation of this term is "disease of fear Russia."
　
"Soviet army is weak."　
Recognition of the Japanese army at the time against the Soviet army.
It was like that.
　
"Its recognition is wrong.
There is no progress in our armed surely.
But Soviet army is different from Russian Empire army.
(Previously, Japan fought against the Russian Empire.)
Their armed have been modernization.
Today，they are more powerful than the Japanese army."
　
Military officers who did such reports with detailed data.
Of course，they were present.
(Perhaps, they were people who had a large amount of sense of balance and analytical skills.)

"They're disease of fear Russia.
In short，they're cowards.
They have overestimated the opponent by the fear of their own."

But this was a label that is adhered against them.
And they were removed from the career track on the army.


・・・・・・・・・
　

By the way，the Russian Imperial Army.
Japan fought against them in the Russo-Japanese War.　

Although this is obvious.
Also at that time，they were not weaker than the Japanese army of course.

During the war, the Japanese army moved forward.
And the Russian army fell back.
And War became a cease-fire.

War became a cease-fire before Napoleon to reach Moscow.
This would be things like that.

Shortly before of cease-fire.
Troops, ammunition，etc.
The Russian army of frontline had been enhancing after another.
By contrast,Japanese army had reached the limit.　
　
In short, the national power of Japan was the limit.
　
But at that time Russian Empire also had a serious problem in the country.
Russian Revolution was just around the corner.

And battle of Tsushima was the victory of  Japanese Navy.
Russian Empire lost its navy in this battle.　　
　
Japan is an island nation.
And this era was not the age of the Air Force yet.

Although this is frivolous writing，reason to stop the war with each other is found by it.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　

Although this may be that is said in Japan only.
This period.
Secret fund of large amounts of Japan seems to have become funds of the revolutionary movement in Russia.　

a watering place

May 1939.
Military conflict in the Soviet Union and Japan occurred in Nomonhan of border of Manchukuo and Mongolia.

Manchukuo was a puppet state of Japan which was founded in northeastern China.
At that time, the border between the two countries seems to have been little uncertain.
First、conflict occurred in troops of both countries.
And Japan army intervened.

Although write relying on memory.
Starting point of this conflict.
It was a watering place for horse.

Khalkha River is flowing the Nomonhan.
This place was a watering place of horse of Mongolia from ancient times.
Insidiously，Iffy border line had been drawn on there.

At that time，Mongolia had been signed a treaty of mutual assistance with the Soviet Union.
Of course, Soviet troops have also sortie.

This was in the regional battle, but it became a fierce battle of both armies.

This battle did cease-fire in September by the World War II broke out.
But damage of the Japanese army was enormous.

Casualties of the Japanese army, twenty thousand or more.
Casualty rate of the Japanese army seems to had over 70%.


・・・・・・・・・
　

Before conflict，tension to the war was growing already in Europe.

"Soviet troops would not can fire military action in the Far East under the current circumstances.
We should develop a favorable border to us during this time."
Such an idea might have existed in Japan army inside.
　
Army corps called "Kantō-gun" was stationed in Manchukuo at that time. (関東軍)　
　
"We're vassals under the direct control of the Emperor.
So the Government of Japan is apposition with us.
We do not have the limitations by the Government of Japan."

By this nominal，they have performed many military action at own discretion.　

"Only Emperor has supreme command to the armed forces."
The constitution of Japan had this provision at that time. (as public stance.)
　
Note: After World War II, the Constitution was amended.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・


But its forecast was too optimistic.
(While it is my imagination.)　

This year, August 23.　
The German-Soviet non-aggression pact entered.

Probably because the prospect of a treaty was in sight.　
　
"The Soviet Union will never off guard."　
Or probably because they trying to show it to Germany.(to world)
　　
"We should beat thoroughly the Japanese army."
Soviet Union gathered the mechanized troops to Nomonhan.
　
"The number of troops you want.
You should take it."
Stalin seems to have said so in commander at that time.
(General of the best of the Soviet Union had been elected to commander.)　
　
August 20，3 days before this treaty.
They started a large counteroffensive strategy.
　
Japanese army suffered a heavy loss.
　

shining

Nakamaro became senior officials of the Tang dynasty.

"Chūka is not the nation.
Chūka is the world.
If pass through established procedures，anyone can become a Tang Dynasty officials."

This fact represents essence of "Chūka Shisō" plainly. (中華思想)
　
"Nakamaro had a Chinese name.(Cháohéng・晁衡)
He lived in China most of his life.

In short，Nakamaro was respected as Cháohéng of Chinese.
This would be just like that."

But it is not.

There were senior official of the Tang dynasty named "Wang Wei". (王維)
He was also an artist who has a wide range of talent.

"Give to Cháohéng to return home to Japan."
Before Nakamaro to departure，he wrote a poem in this title.

But Nakamaro's ship was wrecked during the voyage.
　
"Cháohéng died by marine casualty."

At first，Li Bai heard so. (李白)

"I'm in high spirits.
Because I dressed of Japan.
This clothe of Japan.
Cháohéng gave me this."
Poem of Li Bai of such content remain.

Then，Li Bai wrote a poem mourning to Nakamaro.

First words of its poem.
It is "Cháohéng of Japan".

In short，Nakamaro was respected as himself from his friends.
His origin was not a problem.


・・・・・・・・・
　

This period，”An Lushan” had increased power. (安禄山)
An Lushan was general of the Tang Dynasty.
After this he causes a large-scale rebellion.

This period would have been time when the ideal of Chūka Shisō is most shining.

The Tang dynasty capital Chang'an.
People had come to there from all over the world.
There was also the temple of Christian Nestorian there.

Officials of the Tang dynasty who was not Chinese.
They also seems to exist numerous.　
An Lushan also seems to have been different ethnic group.
In short，Nakamaro was not a special presence.　

Prosperity of the Tang Dynasty
It would be ending soon.
　
However，this era of ideal of Chūka Shisō.
It’s shining forever.　

moon

There was Japanese named "Abe-no-Nakamaro" who was born in the early 8th century.(阿倍仲麻呂)

Around this time，after 40 years from the battle of Hakusukinoe.
Dispatch of international students to Tang from Japan is resumed.

This called ”Kentōshi".　(遣唐使)
Kentōshi is "envoy to Tang".

At that time，Japan had promoted already the development of the statute system.
Therefore，their study was connected directly to the modernization of Japan.

Initially, they seems to have been a group of about 200-300 people per a study abroad.
But it became a group of more than 500 people in the end.
(Including envoy and sailors of course.)

By the way，there were many accidents in those Voyages.
Shipbuilding technology and sailing technology of Japan.
Both were immature yet.

Of course，those accidents were connected directly to their death .
But they crossed the sea.


・・・・・・・・・


International students to Tang.
Decades in a long case，they were studying in Tang.
And after returning to Japan，they became an important human resource of Japan modernization.
(Envoy was return to Japan immediately after finish his mission.)　
　
However，international student with a different fate was also present.
It was Nakamaro.

He studied in Tang when teen.
And he became officials of the Tang dynasty.

His chinese name "Cháohéng". (晁衡)
He became a senior official of the Tang dynasty in the end.

When his life in Tang has passed 50 years，kentōsh came to Tang.
Came Tang of Kentōshi was irregular.　
(AD 702,717,733,746,752.759・・・.)
　　
"Nostalgia."
He hoped to return to Japan with it.　
　
Emperor of the Tang dynasty allowed it.
He set out on a journey of return to Japan.　　
　
But his ship was wrecked during the voyage to Japan.
His ship was shipwrecked on the south of Tang.

He survived.
But at that time, there was no regular line of ship between Tang and Japan.
Voyage was special.
　
Also immediately after this, a full-scale insurrection occurs in the Tang.
It called "Anshi-no-Ran" in Japan.（安史之亂）

He was not able to return to Japan at last.　　

"Moon，I have seen now.
Moon，coming out to my hometown now.
Is it will be the same Moon?"

Japanese poem of such content by him.
It remains.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Incidentally，"Li Bai" who is one of the poet to represent China. (李白)
There was a friendship in them.
Chinese poetry of Li Bai which gave to Nakamaro also remains.

わたしはあなたをあいしています

There is a sentence of Chinese language "我愛你".
(not sentence of Japanese language.)　

This is the sense that "I love you".
　
According to my memory, grammar of Chinese and English are similar.
But Japanese grammar is totally different.
　
"I you love."　
It is this order in the grammar of Japanese.　　

When Japanese started to use Chinese characters as the phonetic equivalent.
Of course, the text of China would have been brought over to Japan.
　
And of course，Chinese text would have been reading by translated to Japanese.
　

・・・・・・・・・　


Currently, Classical Chinese that learn at schools of Japan.
"Small punctuation marks" called "kun-ten" is equipped to its text. (訓点)
　
From around the end of the seventh century，Japanese began to read the text of China using this punctuation marks.
　
How to read like this.
It was not a translation to ancient Japanese language.　
And it also was not reading as Chinese language.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　

For example "I loveㇾyou."
(ㇾ：This is a sign that turn over the character of the before and after.)
　
And for character of two or more. (phrase，person's name etc)
In this case, put a number in Chinese characters.

For example "I love③ Michishige Sayumi②".

But this is incomplete yet as Japanese language.
Postposition is necessary to this sentence.
　
"I Michishige Sayumi love."　

This situation.
　
"Small punctuation marks is equipped to its text."
"Small punctuation marks equipped its text."
　
This situation might be close.
　
Therefore，postposition of character of a small Japanese. (katakana,hiragana)
It is accompanied.
　
Incidentally，to,in,at,etc.
These come in the back of a word in grammar of Japanese language.
　
As an example.
　
"I(am) love③ Michishige Sayumi(to)②".
　
This was the invention of the new Japanese language.

for example

There is a phrase of Chinese character "国史".　(こくし・コクシ)
(Pronunciation in Japan is Koku-Shi.)
　
国 is "country" or "nation".
And in this case，史 is ”history”.
　
So 国史 is "the history of a nation".
　
Currently, China, Japan,etc.
Among  people that use the Chinese characters.
Pronunciation of this word is probably different.
(This pronunciation may be not constant already in China.)
　
But if they look at its Chinese characters.
Its meaning can be understood.

This might be a feature of Chinese characters as ideograms


・・・・・・・・・


国史 is "the history of a nation".

When I found out the word ”nation” and ”history” in the English-English dictionary.
Nation is "a country considered as a group of people with the same language".
And history is "all the events that happened in the past".
It was written that way.
(One of the commentary of course.)
　
Although that is a bit extreme.　

国史 is the "all the events that happened in the past" of a "country considered as a group of people with the same language".
　
Japanese seems to have been such a representation method originally.
And they used one Chinese characters to one sound.
This is no easy matter.

"国史・koku-shi".

But if Japanese use this phrase directly，this two Chinese characters is enough to represent its meaning.
　　

・・・・・・・・・　
　
　
Note: Today，pronunciation of most Chinese characters of China and Japan is different.
And above all、grammar of Chinese and Japanese is totally different.
And Chinese characters of China has evolve.

Chinese characters called "Simplified". (簡体字)
Current，its Chinese characters will be mainstream in China.

Chinese characters used in Japan.
It is ”traditional”.

To understand the exact meaning of the sentence of Chinese.
Therefore，it may be difficult for Japanese.

"Broken English."
To connect the word without regard to grammar.
This feeling may be close.　　
　

come to think of it

Archetype of Chinese characters is a hieroglyph.

夏.

"State where people dancing gracefully.
That's elegance."
　
This character seems to express it originally.
　
It turned to 華・flower.
　
"To late middle age from young adulthood."

And the four seasons compared to the life of people.
Meaning of the summer may have attached to 夏.　


・・・・・・・・・
　

Even now，Japan are using Chinese characters as the notation of Japanese language.
And there is ”hiragana・ひらがな” and ”katakana・カタカナ” in addition to it.

As impression.
Hiragana is 〇. (For example、あいうえお・aiueo.)
Katakana is ◇.　(For example、アイウエオ・aiueo.)
　

・・・・・・・・・


Ancient (until around 6 century)  Japanese language leading directly to the Japanese language of now.
They did not have the character.

At one point，Japanese came up with the use of Chinese characters for Japanese notation.

It was a way to borrow only the pronunciation of Chinese characters.

For example borrow the only pronunciation of Chinese characters of 夏・ka.
Meaning of summer is not used.


・・・・・・・・・
　

This is an example that came up only now.

My name is Shibayama Hiroki.
(Hiroki shibayama by Western notation.)
　
Last name・Personal name
Japanese is this order.
　
"市場矢間日魯期"
　
市・shi／場・ba／矢・ya／間・ma／日・hi／魯・ro／期・ki
　
Initially, the Japanese had been using Chinese character like this. (for example)
And probably，it became cumbersome.
(Because character of the one sound is as complex as this.)　

Japanese simplified Chinese characters of the phonetic equivalent.
They made ​​hiragana and katakana.
　
"市場矢間日魯期"
"しばやまひろき"
"シバヤマヒロキ"

Note: In short，Japanese used the Chinese characters as phonogram like alphabet.　
But Chinese characters is ideogram originally.　
They have a complex meaning in one character.


・・・・・・・・・　
　

Come to think of it.

"出火吐暴威"
　
Costumes of David Bowie san at the time of Ziggy Stardust tour.
This Chinese characters was written so in his cloak.
(It is a design of Yamamoto Kansai san.)
　
This is pronounced David Bowie in Japanese.　
Accurate pronunciation as Japanese is "Debiddo Boui". (デビッドボウイ)　

thought

There is a word "中華思想".
Pronunciation of this word in Japan is "(Chūka・中華)-（Shisō・思想)".

Chūka is "China".
Shisō is "thought".　
However，in this case，Shisō is "-ism".
　
Sinocentrism.　

"China is the center of the world.
Chūka Shisō is such thinking."
　
If we do literal translation of this word.
It becomes like that.
　
But this translation is wrong.　
　
Ka.（夏・華）
And I.（夷）
　
We must considered it by this comparison.

中・Chū／華・Ka

In this case，Chū is "center".
Chūka is "Center of Ka".

"Thought to respect the human civilization."

True Chūka Shisō is such thought.
　
By the way，this ”civilization”.
　
"Civilization is physical.
Culture is spiritual."　
　　
This is not a clear such segmentation.
　

・・・・・・・・・
　

Incidentally，literal translation of 夏 is "summer" and 華 is "flower".
Of course，pronunciation of both Chinese characters is ”ka” in Japan.

Probably，pronunciation of summer and flower in Japan prior to the introduction of Chinese characters.
夏・summer is "natsu" and 華・flower is "hana".
　
In short，this Chinese characters also has pronunciation like that in Japan.　
　
Phonogram and Ideogram.
Japanese language is mix it .


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
中原 of China.
(Middle area of Yellow River.)　

Since ancient times，apparently there were various ethnic groups there.
And they formed the Chinese.

"Chinese is not a race.
People that share the same civilization.
It's Chinese."

And in the process，this way of thinking seems to have formed.

Japan around 6－8th century.
Just maybe，it may have been the same situation.
　
And just maybe，Chūka Shisō might have helped in the formation of the Japanese.　　


　

statute

After this defeat，Japan has strengthened the defense of west Japan.
At the same time, Japan began to seek modernization.
　
"Japan should be migrated to the statute system."　
In response to this defeat and the success of Silla，such a group is likely to have emerged.　

Introduced of the statute system of China to Japan.
This statute system called "Ritsuryo" in Japan. (律令)
This seems to have begun to be studied in earnest.
　
And this was also the transformation of foreign policy.　
And improve relations with Silla and Tang.
This diplomatic efforts were also made.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Japan seems to had considering to introduced of the statute system from before defeat of 663 AD.
But it seems to have been titular.

The statute system oriented to centralization.
But power of the various powerful families were still strong.
　
672 AD，Civil war due to throne was broke out in Japan.
Younger brother of the previous emperor.
He became the winner of this civil war.

After this civil war，the statute system seems to began to be implemented in earnest.

Important one cause of this civil war.
It might have been the introduction of the statute system.
　
And foreign policy.
Incidentally until civil war from this defeat、Japan is sending three times official diplomatic envoy.
　

・・・・・・・・・
　　
　
After the diplomatic relations becomes good，dispatch of students to Tang was in full swing.

Enhancement of the statute system.
And training of government officials to operate the statute system.
This was the urgent need.　

Government-run school called "Daigaku-ryō" was established as training institutions of officials. (大学寮)

Along with the return of foreign students,curriculum of this school had been enhancement.