blood

After this defeat，Japan has strengthened the defense of west Japan.
　
By the way，range of Japan at that time was until Kanto Plain area probably.
East from there，people who called "Emishi" lived there.
　
Although this would be phonetic equivalent probably，"Emishi" written as "蝦夷".
　
"夷" is included in this word.
Of course meaning of 夷 was barbarian already.
　
In short，they were people who had been recognized as such from Japanese people at that time.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
However，Emishi is not the name of the race.
Because they seem genetically identical with the Japanese of current.
　
Of course this is not surprising.　
　
My paternal grandfather was the son of settlers of Hokkaido.
　
Incidentally Hokkaido is the name of after Meiji Restoration.　
Prior to that, Hokkaido was called Ezo.　
"Ezo" also written as "蝦夷".　

And his ancestor seems to have been farmers in the "tōhoku" region of Japan originally.(東北)
　
Literal translation of "tōhoku" is "northeast".
From north of the Kanto Plain until the Tsugaru Strait.
This range is the northeast region of Japan.
　
Blood of Emishi will have also flows surely in me.
　

・・・・・・・・・
　

Well，ancestor of my maternal seems to lived in the western part of Japan.　　
　
"Japanese ancestors came down to Japan from heaven."　
As with other countries，the founding myth like that is also exists in Japan.　
But there can be no it.

They came to Japan from somewhere at various time.
It seems to have also come to Japan from the sea in the south.

Blood of koma，blood of・・・.　

Their blood is flowing in me.
This would be of course.

modernization

660 AD, Baekje was destruction.
But surviving retainer of Baekje had continued the resistance.
Its central figure was the senior statesman of Baekje named "鬼室福信".

Although this is a pronunciation of modern Japanese.
Pronunciation of 鬼室福信 is "Kishitsu-fukushin".

And at that time,Prince of Baekje was staying in Japan.
His name was "余豊璋".
Pronunciation of  余豊璋 is "Yo-houshō".

Probably at that time，ruling of Japan and royal family of Baekje were closely related.
Japanese officials from Baekje.
They were numerous.

Conversely，officials of Baekje from Japan.
They seems also existed.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
"We fielded this prince and to revive Baekje."
Fukushin thought so.
He requested return to Baekje to Houshō.
　
In response to this request，Houshō crossed the sea.
However，this movement did not go well.
Baekje resistance forces had been cornered gradually by allied forces of Silla and Tang.
　
In response to this situation，Japan decided to dispatch of massive relief troops.
(Brother of Houshō also had stay in Japan at that time.)　
But 663 AD，this relief troops were destroyed by the naval battle.
(at river，it might at estuary.)
　
This battle called "Hakusukinoe-no-tatakai" in Japan.（白村江の戦い）　

This defeat seems to had symbolized the backwardness of Japan at that time.
Japanese Navy was a great army.
But they seems did not have any strategy.
They fought the naval battle of four times and lost all of them.

After this battle，Houshō became missing.
And Baekje destruction became decisive by this defeat.
　
At this time, many Baekje people came over to Japan.
And Japan was supposed to be keenly aware of the need for modernization.　
　

unified

Emperor Yang of Sui was planning "Koguryo" subjugation of the Korean Peninsula. (高句麗)
After all，this became the fatal wound of Sui.
At that time，people of Sui was suffering from serious poverty already.　

612AD，Sui ran the attack, but it failed due to counterattack of the Koguryo.
But emperor Yang did not give up Koguryo conquest.
He organized a new expeditionary force immediately.

But during this period, rebellion by warlord of Sui occurred.
Taking this opportunity, rebellion occurred in various locations.
　
619AD，the Sui dynasty vanished eventually.
And the Tang dynasty was born.


・・・・・・・・・

　
Koguryo was repulsed Sui.　
But they were also battered by it.

There was a country called "Silla" in the south-east of the Korean Peninsula. (新羅)
By contrast，they raised the national strength gradually.
　
And there was a country called "Baekje" in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. (百済)
As a corollary，they began to receive pressure of Silla.　　

Baekje tried to restrain Silla in conjunction with Koguryo and Japan.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
But at that time，king named "Muyeol" was present in the Silla. (武烈王)
He went to Tang and Japan himself.
(At this time，he was before the throne yet.)
　
He established an alliance with Tang.
And he succeeded to suppressing of the anti-Silla forces of Japan.
　
System of public administration of China at that time would have been the highest level in the world probably.
He introduced to Silla it.　
He succeeded in establishing a "modern" national system.
　
660AD，allies of the Silla and Tang destroyed Baekje.　
Immediately after this，Muyeol died.
　
But then Silla destroyed Koguryo.
And they were excluded forces of Tang from the Korean Peninsula.
　
This Silla became a unified dynasty of Korea first.

associated

Since the mid-fourth century until era of  the early the Tang dynasty.
Era of three Kingdoms had been going on at the Korean Peninsula.

Most powerful country in those was "the Koguryo dynasty" in the north. (高句麗)
Japanese pronunciation of 高句麗 is ”Kōkuri".　

Also the Koguryo dynasty had been referred to as 高麗 from China and Japan.
(There seems to be such a representation to government documents at the time.)　
And this 高麗 seems to had meaning the Korean Peninsula in Japan.　
　
Japanese pronunciation of 高麗 is ”Kōrai".


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
By the way，this 高麗 is also pronounced "Koma" in Japan.

And in Japan，There is a place that has place name 高麗.
In this case，this Chinese character is pronounced "Koma".
　
And peoples who came to Japan from the Korean Peninsula.
They seem to have been called 高麗.
Probably，as it "Koma"，not "Kōrai".　
　
"高麗・koma" of place name.
These seems to be attached to land they had settled.
　
Currently, there are ”Komae” city in western Tokyo. (狛江)
Pronunciation of ”狛” of the Chinese characters in Japan is ”koma”.

狛江 also seems to have been settlements of people of koma originally.　
　
　
・・・・・・・・・


First，komae was a representation of the place name as 高麗江.
It was converted to 狛江.
It is said to be so.
　
But word of koma existed in japan originally as a word that indicates the people of Korean Peninsula.
　
高麗 and 狛 of Chinese characters.
Later，those did associated to koma.
Just maybe，there may be this.　

Incidentally，the entrance of the shrine of Japan.　
There is a statue of two dogs.

These dogs has a meaning of talisman against evil.

They are referred to as "Koma inu". (狛犬)
Its meaning is the dog of koma.

re-unified

After the fall of the Han dynasty of China in 220.
China was became the era of the Three Kingdoms.

This was the beginning of a long period of division of China.

Only one time，the Jin dynasty unified China. (晋)
But this dynasty was destroyed immediately. (265～316AD)
　
The Jin dynasty survived as dynasty of China Southern. (317～420AD)
However，they were not able to re-unified of China.　
　
The first half of the Jin dynasty is "the Western Jin". (西晋)
The second half of the Jin dynasty is "the Eastern Jin" (東晋)

The two called so to distinguish.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
After all，the dynasty did re-unified the division of china in the end.
It was the Sui Dynasty. (隋)　
However, this dynasty also did not last long.
This dynasty was also destroyed immediately.(581～619AD)
　
China return to the era of the division again.
At this time，maybe there was also its possibility.

But the Tang Dynasty was founded in the confusion of destruction of Sui. (唐)
This Tang dynasty became one of the dynasty to represent China.

Imperial family of Tang and Sui was noble of the Northern Zhou dynasty of north China originally. (北周 557～581AD)
The Sui dynasty was born by destroying the Northern Zhou Dynasty.　
And Imperial family of Tang and Sui were inlaw.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
One of the reasons why China did not the division again.
There may be a canal built by the Sui Dynasty.

China was split into North and South for a long time.
(However，development of China Southern began in earnest in this age of division.)
　
The Sui dynasty tied it by the canal.
Logistics of the North and South of China became one with this.

But of course this was a large construction by huge cost.
Burden of national expenditure of the Sui Dynasty was huge.
In other words，burden of the people of the Sui Dynasty was huge.
　
Emperor Yang is the second emperor of the Sui. (煬帝)
(He was the last emperor of the Sui.)
Besides this，it seems there was a lavish spending habit originally to him.
　
His era, the Sui faded rapidly.

great

Of course this is mere idea.
For example, contrary to the contents of yesterday.

禹.
　
禹 also write as 大禹.
　
Meaning of "大" is ”big” or ”large”.　

"大" in this case.
Its meaning is "great".
Therefore meaning of 大禹 is "great 禹"
　
Pronunciation of this word in Japan is "tai u". （たいう）
　
"taiu". 　
　
"(t)ai(n)u".
　
Ainu people may be descendants of 禹.
In short，Ainu people may be descendants of 夏王朝.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・　


And this is a continuation of the contents of yesterday.　

Meaning of "Kamuy" is god.
Meaning of "Ainu" is human.

(Ka)m(u)y.
"Ka・夏"m"u・禹"y=bear・熊
　
It can be considered like this.

But one problem occur here.

Ain"u".
禹 is also present here of course.

God and human.
禹 is present in both.


・・・・・・・・・


"He is god and is human."　
In fact, 禹 is such a presence.　

禹 is the founder of 夏王朝.
Hereditary of throne of China that continued until the 20th century.
It was starts from him.
　
禹 had been ceded the throne from God.
And human history began from here.　
It can be considered like this.
(Of course this is a story of myth.)　

"禹 became a figure of the bear when running."
And there is this legend to him.
　
The cross point of god and human.
　
It was 禹.

although

Era of Chinese mythology.
It is over 4000 year ago.
　
Current，one ethnic minority living in southern China.

That era, they seem to have lived in 中原.
But they were left from 中原 to the south to avoid the conflict.

There seems to be such a legend.

Of course they are Chinese.
China is a multi-ethnic nation.


・・・・・・・・・


Although I have no basis for this of course.

Ainu people.

Long time ago，they lived in 中原 of China.　
They fought with "Ka".
Finally they left from 中原.

Well，”Kamuy” is god of Ainu.

”God dwells in all things.”

Kamuy is the all things of nature.
(Although there seems to be the presence of the bear as a symbol.)
　
Presence beyond the intention of the human.
Presence beyond the will of the human.
Maybe they called this as "Kamuy".
(Although we can fight the bear of course.
Although it is scary of course.)

And will of the human that relative to it.
They called this as "Ainu".

I think such a thing.　

Kamuy of god of Ainu.

”Ka・夏”m”u・禹”y=bear・熊

I also think such a thing.　

Ain"u".
Although 禹 is also present here of course.

ka and i

This is just idea.
Please read lightly.
　
"Ainu".　
This word is the meaning of "fellow".
And This word has also a meaning of "human" that relative to God.

And God is Kamuy.

God and human.
Kamuy and Ainu.

"Ka"muy and A"i"nu.
　

・・・・・・・・・


Ainu people has kept the society of their own until the Meiji Restoration.

There was no character to the Ainu.
Their history (legend) was conveyed in the oral tradition.

Their leader.
This was not a hereditary.
　
"This person is best to our leader."
Person who has been recognized as such from the people around.
Its person became a leader of the Ainu society.
　
I do not know the leader of the women was present.
But there was no thought of male domination of women in the Ainu society.
　
They honor Mother Nature, value a peaceful society.

And they fought only when they has been invaded.　
They had never invaded others.


・・・・・・・・・
　

Until about 3000 years ago，range of China was middle region of the Yellow River.　

Later its range is called 中原.
Literal translation of "中原" is "Central Plains".
　
Until the era of "the Eastern Jin dynasty" or the era of the Three Kingdoms. (東晋)
This 中原 was the center zone of China.　

civilization

Establishment of the Yin dynasty.
It seems to be about 3800 years ago from now.

Therefore the Xia dynasty is an earlier era further than that.

When written in Chinese characters the Xia dynasty.
It's became 夏王朝. (夏・Xia/王朝・dynasty)

By the way，Chinese characters representing the barbarian is 夷. (i・い)
By contrast，Chinese character that representing civilization.

It is 華.
　
By the way，pronunciation in Japanese of  "i・い".　
This is not "I".
　
"E" not to extend the ending.　
Probably this is approximation.　

Vowel of Japanese by alphabet.　(a,i,u,e,o)
These may be closer to phonetic transcription of the English
Its character represents.

Than the pronunciation as alphabet.
　

・・・・・・・・・
　

夏 and 華.
　
Although there are several ways of pronunciation in those Chinese characters at Japan.　

In this case，pronunciation of both are ”ka”. (か)
In fact, etymology of 華 seems to be this 夏(王朝).　
　
Of course invention of Chinese characters seems to was mid of the Yin dynasty.
　
China，about 5000 years ago.　
　
"I" and "Ka".　
　
There was large force of the two.　
(Although both is pronounced in the current Japanese.)　
　
They fought over supremacy of China.　

Finally "Ka" was became the winner of China.
And "I" was became the loser.　

And after this，dynasty of the descendants of their lineage was followed.　

In this process，"ka" began to have a meaning of civilization.
And "i" began to have a meaning of barbarian.　
　
Such a theory also seems to exist.

saved

Tang dynasty in China. (唐王朝・618 AD～907)　
This dynasty flourished as a global dynasty.

Of course, culture also flourished.
This era, China has produced a poet of many.
Their poetry is called ”Tang poetry”. (唐詩)

"Currently，many dialects are present in China.
(including the standard languages.)

When we read Tang poetry.
They and Japanese language of current.
Which would be close to the pronunciation of Chang'an of era of the Tang Dynasty?"
　
There was a person with a question like this.　
However，I do not know its answer.

"Japanese language is close to the pronunciation of that time than them.”
But apparently there is this possibility.


・・・・・・・・・

　
Chang'an was the capital of the Tang Dynasty.
At that time，many Japanese international students were staying there.　
　
This international students were called ”kentōshi”. (遣唐使)　
　
Literal translation of ”kentōshi” is "envoy to Tang".

This study abroad was conducted as a national policy.
Besides, exchanges of each other was active of course.
　
Many cultures have been brought to Japan at that time.

But 907 AD, the Tang Dynasty was perish.
Before that little, this study abroad was abolished.

And after this，Japan began follow the path of their own.

Culture of China that was brought to Japan until this period.
It seems to have been saved in Japan.

excavation

Yao and Shun are emperors of mythical of China. (堯と舜)
　
"Their reign was the ideal society."
　
This is handed down that way.
And one.
　
"Shun was a man of 東夷."

This is also handed down that way.

Translation of 東夷 is "Eastern Barbarians".
In short，夷 have a meaning of Barbarians.

But Shun is a saint of China.

"Shun is from barbarians.
It's strange.
Initially word of 夷 must did not mean barbarians."

Therefore theory such seems to exist.


・・・・・・・・・
　

Yao and Shun did not hereditary the throne.
　
Yao gave away his throne to Shun.
And Shun gave away his throne to Yu. (禹)

"Yu became a figure of the bear when walking."
Incidentally there is this legend to Yu.　

He founded ”the Xia dynasty”. (夏)
This dynasty is the first dynasty of China.　
And thus the throne was became hereditary from here.　

But until now，we had nothing to be able to confirm the presence of this dynasty.　
Invention of Chinese characters.
It's the era of the Yin dynasty of next dynasty.　(殷)

Therefore this dynasty is considered with the presence of fictitious.　

"Ruins of the Xia dynasty may have been excavated."
But nowadays，I saw its news on TV programs.
　
Just maybe，we are able to confirmed existence of the Xia dynasty.

The Yin dynasty.
Until the excavation of ruins of theirs capital city，they were also believed to be a fictional dynasty.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・　

　
Incidentally，Japanese pronunciation of ”Yu・禹” is "U". (う)
　
And chinese characters bear is "熊".　

Japanese are read this word as "kuma" mainly.  (くま)
　
"Yu" and ”U”. (ゆう&う)
But this Chinese character is also possible to read that way.　

etymology

Tang dynasty in China. (唐王朝・618 AD～907)　
　
This dynasty flourished as a global dynasty.
And this era,many Japanese international students went to China.　
　
Character of "唐".
As result it became one of the words to symbolize China in Japan.
(Although this would not be all of the reasons.)
　
Pronunciation of this character in Japanese is "tō" or "tou". (とう)

About 800 years later，Nagasaki of Japan of the Tokugawa era. (17 century～late 19th century)　
Here was a only trading port with China and Netherlands.　
At that time Japan had adopted a policy of seclusion.　
　
And at that time China was the era of the Qing dynasty. (清王朝)　
But chinese interpreter of Japan side.
They were called "Tō tsūji". (唐通事)　
　
And foreigners were restricted residence.

Chinese residence at Nagasaki.
It was called ”Tōjin machi”. (唐人町)
　
Tō・唐・とう　 jin・人・じん・people  machi・町・まち・town


・・・・・・・・・


Well，China of around 700 BC.
China went to deepen the degree of confusion gradually.
　
And around 500 BC.
China has entered the Warring States era in earnest at last.
　
Country that was terminated this Warring States era.　
It was "Qin"kingdom of most west of China at that time.　(秦)
　
221 BC，Qin unified China.
However，after 15 years this dynasty is destroyed by the Han dynasty.
　
Qin・秦.
Pronunciation of this character in Japanese is "shin".　（しん）
　
"China."
Etymology of this character.
It seems this 秦.
　
And era of the Han dynasty of next.　
China had an interchange with the Roman Empire.
　
The Roman Empire was called 大秦 at the Han dynasty.
Literal translation of 大秦 is "Big Qin".

They called each other as "秦".


・・・・・・・・・　
　
　
By the way，China had been suffering from the northern ”Xiongnu” from previous. (匈奴)
Xiongnu was equestrian people.
　
But this era, they were finally repulsed the Xiongnu.
As result Xiongnu went away to the west.

Invasion of the Huns.
This seems became trigger the Roman Empire destruction.
(As possibility) 　

bear

Although I think this is also mere approximation.
Pronunciation of kamui is "kamuy" in Ainu.

"By the way,what is word of bear in Ainu?”
I will also think so.
But word of bear in Ainu seems to not exist.

"kim-un-kamuy.”
Apparently there is this word instead.
This seems to mean mountain god.
　
"God dwells in all things in nature."
But having said that, this seems the name based on its idea of Ainu.
Rather than the presence of the bear is very special.
　
"God dwells in all things in nature."
Incidentally this might be idea common to the Japanese.
(Although there will be the strength of its idea.)
　

・・・・・・・・・


There is place name "高麗" in Japan.　
This word is pronounced "koma".　(こま)　

In fact，高麗 is a country that existed in Korea. (918～1392)
In this case，this word is pronounced usually as "Kōrai".　(こうらい)
高麗 was unified dynasty of the Korean Peninsula.

Prior to that，高句麗 was present as northern dynasty of the Korean Peninsula. (BC～668)
This word is pronounced usually as "Kōkuri".　(こうくり)

And country of this two are sometimes called koma.

But having said that，koma seems to had a sense as the Korean peninsula at Japan in first place.
Rather than the country name.

And people who came to Japan from its region.
They seem to have is also called "koma".
　

gom

There is word "Kamui" in Ainu. (カムイ)
It means that God.
　
Incidentally Kamui is a Japanese pronunciation of the current.
Formal pronunciation of Kamui in the Ainu language.
Maybe it is different.　

A=あ=ア、I=い=イ、U=う=ウ、E=え=エ、O=お=オ
If this vowel is not attached，Japanese language of the current can not pronounce correctly.　
　
For example，K(a)m(u)(i)
　
There is a "n" as the exception.　
This is ”ん” by ”n”.
　
Incidentally,although this is a little annoying，"n" is also present as a consonant.
　
na=な=ナ，ni=に=ニ，nu=ぬ=ヌ，ne=ね=ネ，no=の=ノ.
　
And n=ん=ン.


・・・・・・・・・

　
There was a festival in Ainu called "Iyomante". (or Iomante)
　
"We return bear to heaven."(熊送り)　
The meaning of this word seems to be it.
　
"Sacrifice to God the child bear."　
By the way，significance of this festival looks like that.
　
"Bear is the incarnation of God.
They came to our world as a guest.
We return them to heaven."
　
But in fact, there seems to be this sense.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　

By the way，God is "kami" at the Japanese language currently.
And bear is "kuma".
　
"Bear is God."
But this recognition does not exist in Japan today as the national traditions.　
(Bear is live nationwide in today.)
　
And bear is "Gom" probably in modern Korean. (곰)
(I have the help of Google Translate.
I do not know Korean.)
　
This word can not be pronounced correctly in Japanese.
Because vowel is not associated to ”m”.
　
"Gomu" or "komu".
If Japanese people attempts to pronounce this word，it's going to be like this probably.

Apparently there are a few words that represents the God in modern Korean.
One is a "sin". (신)
This is the pronunciation of "神" of Chinese characters as with Japan.
　
But the most common words that represent God.
It seems to ”Hananim” in modern Korean.　(하나님)

"Gom" that word itself.
Probably it will not relevance of God at Korea.

memory

Ainu had their own lives，their own culture and their own language at around the current Hokkaido.
But the latter half of the 19th century，they were incorporated into the modern state suddenly as a national.
From that time，assimilation policy seems to had been done coercively.　

As their lifestyle，their culture is going to disappear.


・・・・・・・・・　


There is a memory.
　
1868, the modern state is established in Japan.
Around 40 years have passed from it，a man was born in Ishikari of Hokkaido.
It's my grandfather.
　
He was a child of Settler.
　
"When I was child，my house was poor.　
Everyone was poor.
　
I was sickly.
But those around whose helped me always.
Everyone lived with cooperation.　
　
Ainu people came to my home well.
And they were drank with my parent.
　
Everyone was a good friend."
　
Yes，this is memory of my grandfather that became my memory.
　

・・・・・・・・・

　
This assimilation policy.
I began to read the dictionary about it now.
It was something very harsh for Ainu people.
It's not in doubt.
　
However，at the same time.
Scene of this drinking bout comes to my mind.
(Of course, it's scene of my imagination.)

　
・・・・・・・・・


Although it is not possible to talk at the same level of course.

Many provinces in Japan had its own culture and various dialects until recently.
And of course it still exists.
　
But establishment of modern unified nation by the Meiji Restoration.
Development of the mass media after the Second World War.
Establishment of standard language etc.　

”Standardize.”
Currently，its provinces characteristic has been dilute gradually.

fellow

There are people called "Ainu" in Japan.　(アイヌ)
Of course they are Japanese.

"Indigenous people of Japan."
　
The only difference with the other Japanese.
It is that they are so called.
　
When translate description "indigenous people" to Japanese.
It become ”senjū-minzoku”. (先住民族)

Meaning of ”minzoku” is ”race” or ”ethnic group”. (民族)
In short，Ainu is associated to them.
　
But they are no different with most other Japanese.
We're the same Mongoloid in racial.
　
However，Japanese of all is a Mongoloid.
Of course，it is not the case.
　
For example，Donald Keene san of master of Japanese literature research.
(include Japan.)
　
1922, he was born in New York.
When World War II，he fought the Japanese as a U.S. Navy officer.
And 2012，he acquire Japanese nationality.
　
He is Japanese.
But he is not a Mongoloid.　

Ainu is a Mongoloid.
However，they has one genetic characteristic.

They has many genetic common with northern Asians than other Japanese.
　

・・・・・・・・・


"Japan is the place of originated of the human race."

By the way，I've never heard this theory until now.
Even if I've heard this theory until now, it would be definitely wrong.
　
Japanese ancestry.
They came from somewhere absolutely.

And until around enters the 20th century，the movement of common people were not many at Japan.

Therefore，the genetic bias by introduction route of people to Japan.
Even if there is little it, I feel a natural to it.
　
Incidentally Ainu is not an ethnic name in first place.
This is fellow by Ainu language.

lore of kamui.

This is not a accurate information.
Please read lightly.
　
神.

神 is God.

Pronunciation of ”神” from ancient of Japan.
It is "kami".(かみ)
　
By the way，神 is the Chinese character of course.
　
"Shin".（しん）
And there is also this pronunciation in 神 at Japan.

Perhaps there was "kami" first as a term for God.
(Of course，it would be different from the concept of God in the West.)　

And then Chinese characters came to Japan.
　
And probably、pronunciation of ”神”was ”Shin” as a word to describe the presence that transcends the human intellect.
　
Of course Japanese would read this Chinese characters as ”Shin”.
However，although I do not know its time clearly，Japanese began to read this Chinese characters also as "Kami".

Pronunciation of ancient Japan.
Pronunciation came from China.

The two were mixed in the Japan.

Therefore，how to read of several types are present in the Chinese characters at Japan.
There is no context for it.


・・・・・・・・・
　

Pronunciation of ancient Japan.
Well，I wrote so.　

Although passed away already.
There is a novelist named "Kimu Tarusu". (金達寿)
He is a Koreans in Japan.

"Bear comes out to myth of Korea.
This bear is also the incarnation of God.　
And Pronunciation of bear is "komu" in Korea."
(Incidentally bear is "kuma" in Japan.)　

　
By the way，"komu" is a representation by the Japanese style.
Pronunciation of formal Korean may be different.
　
Because，although I write in memory reliance,
Number of vowels.
It's most in the world is Korea.
(Vowel of modern Japan is 5.)
　
However，maybe when Japanese people at that time would try to pronounce of komu.
komu would became komu.
　
Although subtle differences would exist of course.
Also by era.　　

protection

At that time，Japan was divided into several states as a unit of administrative.
Establishment of this division was era of dynasty.

And samurai regime period,there was lords who was appointed by shogun there.
They were called "Shugo".　(守護)

Literal translation of "Shugo" is "protection".


・・・・・・・・・

　
Incidentally，this several states.
It’s called "Kuni". (国)
For example,”Hizen-no-kuni”，”Suō-no-kuni” etc. (肥前の国)（周防の国）　
　
Literal translation of "Kuni" is ”Country”.

State is called "Shū" at Japan. (州)

State some the country gathered.　
Although its popular name is not constant，Japanese at that time called it as shū.
　
For example，”Kan hasshū”. (関八州)
　
Literal translation of Kan hasshū is eight states of Kanto.
Kanto is Kanto region Tokyo exists.
At that time, the country of eight was present in the Kanto region.

"The Kyushū island" of the western edge of Japan. (九州島)　

Literal translation of ”Kyushū” is ”Nine states”.
Of course the country of nine was present in the Kyushū island.
　
By the way，they do not match the current administrative division.
Therefore we do not use currently calling of Kan hasshū
But Kyūshū remains as region name, including Okinawa.　


・・・・・・・・・　

　
Yes，all is this.
To tell the truth，this is not the case.

"Shikoku island" of southwest of Japan. (四国島)
This name is also currently remaining.　
　
Literal translation of "Shikoku" is "Four countries".　
At that time，four countries were present in Shikoku.
And now, four administrative divisions are present.
　
In some cases it matches like this.

Maybe there isn't a clear rule at there.

Ease of vocalization as Japanese.
This reason also might was important.


　

age of survival of the fittest

Toyotomi Hideyoshi seems to have been poor farmers in the first place.
He was born Owari of central Japan of Pacific Ocean side. (Aichi current.)

Of course trend of this times was a case of the tail wagging the dog.
But there was a limit to ones as predestination of the times of feudal.
Lineage was present as a matter of course.

If he was born in other provinces，he could have been a lifetime poverty.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Around 1050 BC, Zhou kingdom was born in China.　
King of Zhou gave territory to his vassal at that time.
　
When about 300 years passes,the power of the royal family of Zhou had been weakened gradually.
To inverse proportion against it, power of the lords began to increase.
However，even so，Zhou royal family was respected as an authority from lords at first.
　
War between the lord.
It also was kind of race to determine the kingmaker of its time.
　
But around 500 BC,it began to deteriorated gradually.
Authority of the Zhou royal family began to be ignored from the lords.　
　
War between the lord.　
It also became a territorial expansion war.　
　
Age of survival of the fittest.　
Confucius was alive this era of change.　


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
There was a large country of lord near the center of the Zhou kingdom called "Jin".　(晋)
Of course Jin had been reckoned from another lords as a major power.
But vassal of three people of Jin had become influential person inside Jin gradually.

Han, Wei, Zhao. (韓、魏、趙)
Around 400 BC，Jin was split into three countries at last.

Civil war that occurred in Japan in 1467 AD called "Ōnin-no-ran". (応仁の乱)
Situation of its 100 years later.
It could have been a situation similar to this.
　

essence

Tokugawa destroyed the Toyotomi regime.
The Tokugawa regime was established by it.

The person who put an end to the Warring States period.
It was "Toyotomi Hideyoshi". (豊臣秀吉)

He seems to have been a person very attractive when he was young.
But after becoming the king of Japan, he became very arrogant.

His later years，he had many tyranny.
Public feeling was separated from the Toyotomi regime for that.
　
Behavior of his later years.
It may be similar to Zhou of last king of Yin kingdom of China.
(to the personality of Zhou to be handed down today.)
　
Incidentally.　
”Zhou” of last king of Yin kingdom is ”紂” in Chinese characters.
”Zhou” kingdom is ”周” in Chinese characters.
　

・・・・・・・・・　

　
At that time "Tokugawa Ieyasu" was the movers and shakers of the second in Japan. (徳川家康)
Immediately after Hideyoshi death，he rallied the various lords and destroyed the Toyotomi regime.
　
Zhou kingdom rallied the various lords.
They destroyed Yin kingdom.
This also may be similar.
　
Tokugawa regime attached great importance to Confucianism from the beginning.
　
"We build a peaceful era."
　
Ieyasu might have been trying to model the Duke of Zhou.
Because the Emperor was present in Japan.
Equivalent to Zhou king for the Duke of Zhou.　　

"Gen'na Enbu". (元和偃武)
　
After destroyed the Toyotomi，Ieyasu declared so.
　
Gen'na is the name of an era of Japan at that time. (元和)
　
"After this we don't need weapons.”
Although this is a free translation,meaning of Enbu is such. (偃武)　
　

・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Last shōgun (king of samurai) named "Tokugawa Yoshinobu". (徳川慶喜)
In 1867, he returned the helm of politics to the emperor.
The biggest reason of success of the Meiji Restoration would be this his act.
　
This called "Taisei Hōkan" at Japan. (大政奉還)　
　
By the way，the Duke of Zhou returned the helm of politics to the king of Zhou who has grown.　
This episode seems to have been originally called taisei hōkan.
　
"Ieyasu did not do so on dominate Japan in self-interest.
It was in order to create a peaceful society.
Successive shōgun has also been in the footsteps that intention.
I also have to act along that intention."

Before Yoshinobu return the regime,he said so.
　
"Essence of politics of the Tokugawa regime is politics of the Duke of Zhou."
He may have wanted to prove it.
　

making

"Your ancestors who?"　
When the Tokugawa regime began.
A lord was asked like that.
　
"Just a moment please.
I'm making a family tree now."
He replied so.

Meaning of "making" is counterfeit of course.
　

・・・・・・・・・
　
　
There is a saying that was popular in the Warring States period of Japan.
　
It was "Gekokujō". (下剋上)
Meaning of gekokujō is "the bottom wins to the top".　

When this word translate by Google translate.
It become "a case of the tail wagging the dog".

The early 13th century，when the first samurai regime inauguration.
Reality of Samurai seems to have been large-scale farmers.
They were presence that were looked down upon from the aristocratic of dynasty.　
　
But era progresses，they also became the aristocratic.

Samurai regime of second called "Muromachi shogunate." (室町幕府)
　
1467 of this period.
Civil war that bisects the Japan was occurred.
Japan became the Warring States period to this opportunity.
　
This troubled times continued more than 100 years.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・　
　
　
Major samurai family of until then.　
During this time，many of them were ruined.
　
As a corollary，lords of the Tokugawa era.
With some exceptions，it was different from before.
　
From lower class.
They were also many.

the meantime

Destruction of Yin kingdom.
It's 900 years ago from the time of Sima Qian.
In short，Yin kingdom seems to have followed more than 700 years.
(around 1751 BC－around 1050 BC)

And character seems to have been invented  in the middle of this period.
 　
Record of the genealogy of the Yin king had left the era of Sima Qian.
Perhaps, this would be sure.　

By the way，a record of this era was writing to bamboo basically.
Paper was invented around one century in China. (around 105 AD)
It is 200 years after of era of Sima Qian.

During this time and after this，there were many troublous times at China.
Valuable record of many lost in the meantime.
　
With era progresses，people were no longer able to confirm the presence of Yin kingdom unawares.　
　
It would be like that probably.

　
・・・・・・・・・


"Record of Yin kingdom was left up to the era of Sima Qian luckily.
I can understand it.
But its record is really accurate in the first place?
Because its record is from before 1600 years."

I have question like that.

Above all，Yin kingdom seems did not have the character in their initial.
It would be irresponsible for information about there.
I thought so.　

In short，somebody wrote the genealogy of the king in the imagination.
(About the early days of Yin kingdom in particular.)
To be extreme, it wrote of 900 years ago of era of Sima Qian.
　
Because it will be like a mythological age of Japan probably，it would such a thing.
Also I thought so.
　
However，this may be idea by Japanese.

identical

By the way，the person who had destroyed the Xin dynasty was the royalty of the Han.
After this he revived the Han dynasty.
Of course, self-proclaimed of both dynasties are the Han.　　
　
But the Han after this is called "the Later Han" at Japan.　(後漢)
And before this is called "the Early Han".　(前漢)　
　
Apparently there is this appellation also in China.
But era of war after this.
Short-lived dynasty of local government called ”the Han” was present.
Chinese people seems to have a name the Later Han for this dynasty.
(This dynasty is not popular in Japan.)
　
Capital of the Early Han Dynasty was "Chang'an" of the west. (長安)
Capital of the Later Han Dynasty was "Luoyang" of the east. (洛陽)
　
On the basis of the position of this capitals.
The Early Han Dynasty is "the Western Han Dynasty". (西漢)
The Later Han Dynasty is "the Eastern Han Dynasty". (東漢)
This appellation appears to be in common at China.

Therefore, for example，”A population of the Later Han ....”
When I wrote so，there is a possibility that transmit by mistake.
Because the word of "the Later Han" is present with each other.


・・・・・・・・・

　
By the way，I remembered by the word of "Iliad".
　
Around 100 BC, era of the Emperor Wu of the Western Han.
(Though confusing，of course he is a different person from the King Wu of Zhou.
The King Wu of Zhou was around 1050 BC.)

There was a man named "Sima Qian". (司馬遷)
He wrote Chinese history book "Shiji" shining in world history. (史記)
　
Yin kingdom in front of Zhou.
　
Until the last king from the first king.
He wrote a genealogy of the kings of Yin there.
　
Founding of Yin seems at around 1750 BC.
Even when viewed from the era of Sima Qian，this is before 1650 years.
(For example before 1650 years from now,it's 360 AD.)
　
"This is a figment of someone's imagination.　
Yin is not actual kingdom in the first place.
It is a fictional kingdom of legendary."

A long time, it had been considered as such.
But early 20th century, ruins of the capital of the Yin were discovered.

Importantly they had a character.
People who made a prototype of the Chinese characters were them.

Genealogy of the king by Shiji.
Genealogy of the king by character that has been excavated.

The two were almost identical.

fake

"Duke of Zhou was able to return regime to the king eventually.
If possible I also want to do so.

You must put on throne.

However，there is such instruction of god to me.
(Chinese God of course.)
I can't go against god's command.
Although there are very sorry,I must become the emperor."
　
When Wang did usurpation of the throne of Han，he said so.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
"This is omen of appears of a holy emperor that has been recorded in ancient documents."
At that time, such events had been numerous reports.

"Wang Mang is the Holy Emperor of us."
This momentum of people had increased naturally.

But all events were fake by Wang.
He ordered his men and he spread this fiction to people.

"Wang Mang is the Holy Emperor of us."
Probably，fake would have existed even in this such word.

And ancient documents like that.　
He seems to have started a counterfeit of it eventually.
　

・・・・・・・・・


There were ancient documents that described the politics of the Duke of Zhou.
It is said that the Duke of Zhou himself has compiled this books.

"This is the politics of the saint."
Wang said so.
Duke of Zhou was the saint of ideal and the politician of ideal for the Chinese already.

"Therefore, this is politics that the Holy Emperor should do."
After the Xin dynasty founding，he ran the politics completely based on this ancient documents.
　
However, there was one problem.
Wang became emperor.
Therefore he was necessary to do the politics.　
　
And of course，people were exist inside and outside of country of the self-proclaimed Holy Emperor.
He would tries to match all people conditions to his thought.
It was his politics.
　
Long-lasting would be impossible in this.
After 15 years, Xin dynasty vanished.

usurpation

After the Zhou founding，Wu gave the territory to retainers.
Territory of the Duke of Zhou was the region of "Lu". (魯)

In short he was the founder of the country of Lu.
And 500 years later, Confucius was born in this country.

There may be it on one of the reason for the respect of Confucius.
Of course it was not only it.

Wu died shortly after the Zhou founding.
　
Therefore，when young prince took over his throne.
Royal authority of the Zhou had not been established clearly.

At that time，ability of Duke of Zhou was enough to become Zhou king.
But he did not select its action.
He helped the young king until the last as regent.

He did politics with a virtue.
He did not take the militaristic behavior never.　
　
As result，society became peace.
And he succeeded to establish of royal authority of the Zhou.

This period，he presided over the all of politics.
But later he returned politics to king who became the age of majority.

His politics of this period.
It is said to be the ideal of politics.

Of course，this is the story of three thousand years ago.
History and mythology would have mingled.
This episode might be like a Iliad of Homer.


・・・・・・・・・


Well，era progressed, around A.D. first year in China.
There was a man named "Wang Mang".　(王莽)

China was this era of "the Han dynasty". (漢)
Wang was a maternal relative of the Han royal family originally.  　

But he did usurpation of the throne from the Han dynasty.
And he was founded ”Xin Dynasty”. (新)　

By the way，Confucianism has respect for courtesy.
Although imperial examination has not yet begun，Confucianism had became a state religion already.
Probably after this, emphasis also came to be placed on loyalty.
　
"Usurpation of the position of the emperor."
And there was no such precedent yet as the stage of real history of China.
There was impossible in his actions.

"Holy emperor appeared.
Wang Mang is its person."
After all,he began to try to justify his actions.

Of course，the reason for this possible，it would be corruption of the Han dynasty inside.

the ideal saint

1860, Katsu had voyage to the United States along with the first envoy to United States.
He was ship captain.

”How was national character of the United States?”
After returning home,Katsu was asked so from "Yokoi Shōnan" of his friends. (横井小楠)
Yokoi was a Confucian scholar of Japan.

Katsu has described about the political system of the United States.

"It's a society of Yao・Shun." (堯舜)
In response to it, Yokoi replied so.

Yao and Shun.
It's China's legendary Holy emperors.
　
It is said that they had ruled the country with the virtue.
And it is said that they did not the hereditary of their throne.
They were handed over their position to a man of exceptional virtue.

They are the ideal saint of China.


・・・・・・・・・

　
By the way, the era of Confucius is ago in about 2500 years from now.
Even when viewed from that era，Yao and Shun era was mythology of ancient.

Person who Confucius was longing as human.
It's "the Duke of Zhou". (周公)

About 3800 years ago, a country called ”the Shang” was born in China.　(殷)
Its last king called ”Zhou”. (紂)
(Though confusing，these two people are different person.)

He was a very tyrant.
People had suffered greatly for him.
(Although this is due to the recording of the winner.)

Shang had dominated the neighboring countries with a mighty force.
One of its country was "the Zhou". (周)

About 3100 years ago,King of Zhou at that time named "Wu".　(武王)
Finally he stood up to overthrow Shang.

There is also cooperation of neighboring countries，it was successful.
Then he was founded the Zhou kingdom as a central state.

Little brother of Wu who made a very contribution to this founding.
He called duke of Zhou.

structurally

"Japan is not Confucian."
At that time、such images by foreigners may have been strong.
　
Meiji period of Japan in particular.
(after the Restoration.)
Japan was aiming earnestly Western modernization.
　
But an important driving force of the Restoration at first place.
It might be Confucianism.
　
Highest educational institution of Japan at Tokugawa era.
It was a school of Confucianism called "Shōhei-kō".　(昌平黌)
There was also Confucius Temple of course.

However，its situation is little different from Asia continent.　
Yes，Japan was the island nation in the marine transport status at that time.
Japan was a situation that is not subject to direct effect.

And Japan of Tokugawa era had taken the closed-door policy.
(Trade with China was done in only Nagasaki.)
And Japan did not adopt the imperial examinations.


・・・・・・・・・

　
Japan has not adopted originally imperial examination since the days of dynasty.
Because the power of the nobles was strong.
　
And Samurai regime was born from the 13th century.
So-called ”Shogunate politics”.　　
　
"Emperor of authority.
Shogun (Samurai king) of real power."
　
Power of Japan was dichotomized at that time.
(Of course from earlier，kingmaker in the interior of the dynasty was present.)
　
"Shogun is doing the politics of Japan who is delegated to the emperor."
And there was a public position like this.
　
Literal translation of "Shogun" is "General".（将軍）
And their government called "Bakufu". (幕府)
　
Of course these are originally Chinese language.
　
Headquarters of General during road trip.
It called Bakufu in ancient China.
Shogun was carried out operational command of war in this bakufu.
　
In other words, it was such a public position.
　
Imperial examination was a test to choose the officials for the emperor only.
Therefore loyalty to the emperor was important there.
This leads to a denial of the power of Shogun.

There was impossible the introduction of the imperial examination structurally.

please read lightly.

I'm reading a book about an overview of Confucianism now.

According to it，China of about hundred years ago.

After the fall of the Qing Dynasty. (清王朝)
Era of "The last Emperor" of the movie.

China began exploring modernization.

"Stubbornly sticking to old ways.
Culprit that inhibits the modernization of China."

Confucianism seems to have been condemned as such in its process.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Lu Xun san is a very famous Chinese writers. (魯迅)
He was studying in Japan these days.

"We may have been able to select a different history."
When I learned about this eras episode，I think so always.
　
"Will" of the persons making the future always.　
　
"We can select the future."
I also think so.
　
Well，it's episode of Lu Xun san of this time.　
One day，He was taken to the Confucius Temple of Tokyo Kanda by acquaintance. (孔子廟)
　
"Japanese also respect Confucius of China.
Probably this would be in his favor to show it."
　
Lu Xun san was also able to understand it.
　
"However・・・"
　
"I've run away from China by disgust against the Confucius.
Nevertheless，I did not think I would meet to Confucius in Japan."
　
He wrote humorously so.　
 　
At least，the part of the youth of China at that time.　
Their’s view to Confucianism was like that already.
　
　
・・・・・・・・・


"But currently, the country that has made economic development in the East.　　
It is a country under the influence of Confucianism.
(Of course also Japan.)"
　
Such a theory also seems to exist.

irresponsible constitution

Early 18th century,number of households was 400 and population was 1900 people.
But when kinjiro had been appointing in 1822，number of households became 156 and population became 749 people.

There is a distance of more than 100 years here certainly.
But the Tokugawa era was a peaceful time of 250 years.
There was no war with the exception of the initial and final stage

Sharp decrease of this population.
This only reason is the escape of farmers.
There would be impossible it.

Public-private collusion.

"We can not live otherwise."
Farmers might have had this idea at its starting point.
Their sufferings would have also been understood to officials.　

"If we have ostensibly status of 4000 koku.
Real is not a problem."　
　
Acceptance of the status quo.
While this is true and false exactly.　
They might have made ​​a decision like that.
　
"Yes，no problem.
Utsu family is branch of Odawara clan.
If we has hard times，head family will help us absolutely.
Therefore we will not become financial disaster.”

Although this would be irresponsible constitution of a kind.
They also may have had an idea like this.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
"This situation is not good.
We have to improve this situation."　
　
Before Kinjiro、peoples who aspired to reform exists of course.
Kinjiro knew their presence and its narrative account in public office documents.
　
"Their reform all failed.
On the contrary the situation became worse.
Reason is simple.
Kinjiro said.
　
"Motivation of their reform.
It is not the improvement of the lives of farmers.
It was for samurai income.
　
Success of life of reformers themselves.
Probably there was also its reason.

They aimed to harvest of 4000 koku absolutely.
When little improve the situation of rural，they imposed heavy taxes immediately.
There is no reason to be successful in this.　

This land is full of lies surely.
But it is not the only public-private collusion.

Fief of 4000 koku.
As is too obvious，that's a lie in the first place.
　
The levy of  annual tribute of 4000 koku from this land.
It's absolutely impossible.
　
This rand is 2000 koku.
First we should clarify it."　

truth and falsehood

When it began.
I do not know clearly it.

The falsification of documents advantageous to farmers.
For example，they described to document the arable land as wasteland.
(Wasteland was a tax-exempt land.)

Adhesion of the people under Utsu family dominion and officials of Utsu family.
It became to be done frequently.
　
The tax evasion by the public and private sectors adhesion.
1822 circa，when kinjiro had been appointing.
It had become naturally.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
Confucius of Chinese.
(孔子・551 BC - 479 BC)
He is the founder of Confucianism, which lead to the present.　

"If teacher has been left up the politics of the country.
What you will do first?"
He was asked so from his disciple.
 
"Truth and falsehood.
I will try to match the current situation and the public stance." (必也正名乎)
Confucius answered so.　

Incidentally，when translated ”必也正名乎” by Google translate.
(from Chinese to English)
It became "Must be rectified".
　
　
・・・・・・・・・
　
　
"This land is full of lies.
Truth and falsehood of this land.
I want clarify it as a first step of reform."
 　
Kinjiro might be thought so.
And he might have lobbied to Odawara clan of head family actively.

He has earned the confidence of Tadazane of Odawara lord of head family in the feudal era.　
This would have been his strength.
　
He began to challenge the status quo.　
And of course,there is a reaction naturally if there is action. 　
　
"He is a crook who deceive our lord.　
We should eliminate him as soon as possible."
　
At this time，it might have began whispering that way in Odawara clan.
　
Although this is a future event.
After the death of Tadazane,it manifests itself.　　　
　

flatterers

According to Hōtoku-ki.

"We are very pleased to meet you.
We think you will be tired.
Be ready for banquet of welcome."
　
Several influential people of the Utsu family territory.
They said to Kinjiro.
(They were people under the Utsu family dominion，not samurai.)

When Kinjiro has been appointed，they welcomed Kinjiro at the territory border.

"Thank you.
However，I am in a hurry.

But Kinjiro ignore it and he left there immediately.


・・・・・・・・・
　
　
"They came here expressly to see you.
I think this is an act of courtesy is lacking."
　
Travel companions of Kinjiro.　
After a few moments he said to Kinjiro.
　
"No problem.
They are flatterer.　

I came for reform.
They also know it of course.
　
Persons who approaching first to me.　
It's those who have some intention.　

Probably they are have a vested interests.　
I does not depend on such a thing.
I will push through strict reform.
There is a need to show it first."
　
After this，Kinjiro was not able to get their cooperation.
This would be of course.
　
And Kinjiro also probably wanted it for radical reform.

　
・・・・・・・・・

　
Flatterers tried to adhesion to Kinjiro.
This would be true.

"Hopefully, we will can water down the reform."
Probably,they would was also such intended.

Well，things which they were trying to protect by its act.　
It would have been right to life of the people under the Utsu family dominion.

Because they have suffered from every reform until now.

Their lives.
It had deteriorated at after every reform.