debt

One of the issues，When Kinjiro had worked on fiscal consolidation of Utsu family.

"Farmers to give up paddy cultivation.
But they never abandon dry field farming."

Tax to the harvest of field at that time.
It was taxes in cash and (probably) it was secondary presence.

Annual tribute by rice.
This was main presence of tax at that time.

Crops of the field.
Farmers were sold it on the neighboring markets.
Part of its sales proceeds.
Farmers were paid it as tax to their lord.


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"10 000 ryō for rice of 24 000 koku."
Rice purchase price of Sendai clan from the people under one's dominion of 1819.
It was this.
Of course，This is the situation of the territory of the Sendai clan only.
It is not possible to apply directly to other regions.

But Kinjiro were also negotiations with the rice merchant on behalf of his village.

"Cash of rice.
Obtaining cash."

It is estimated that it was very important for farmers.
Self-sufficiency had become impossible from long ago.
　
Sales of rice by the farmers themselves.
Brokerage exists there absolutely.
Farmers were not able to sell the rice at the market price.
　
But sales of field crops at the market.
Brokerage does not exist there.
(Street tax maybe existed.)
Farmers were able to sell it at the market price.
　
Real income  of farmers by field crops.
Even in the same annual tribute rate,Profit margin of farmers might was better than paddy.　
　

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Farmers of territory of Utsu family at around 1820.
There was a debt of 1000 ryō to them. (at 150 family)
　
Of course，It is not possible to apply directly to other regions.
However，If I apply the data of Sendai clan. (time is the same)　
It is the price of rice 2400 koku.
　
Population of territory of Utsu family at 1822.
It was 156 family 749 people.

And real annual income of territory of Utsu family.
It was 1005 bales 127 ryō.

1005 bales.
At the outside, It is about 400 koku.
Actual harvest is 800 koku at annual tribute rate of 50%.

127×2,4＝304
304×2＝608

Probably main of 127 ryō is tax of harvest of field crops.
I do not know its tax rate.

Anyway，1500 koku degree at most .
There was a debt of 1,6 times of the total annual harvest.